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22. Harvey PJ, Siviter CL (1999) Use of the suspended carrier process to upgrade wastewater
treatment facilities [online]. Available from https://www.purac.net/downloads/articles/1999%
20NZWWA%20Conference%20Paper%Kaldnes_pdf. Accessed on 10 Aug 2003
23. Ødegaard H, Rusten B, Westrum T (1994) A new moving bed biofilm reactor applications and
results. Water Sci Technol 29:157–165
24. Rantanen P, Valve M (2003) A hybrid process for biological phosphorus and nitrogen removalpilot plant experiments [online]. Available from www.vyh.fi/eng/syke/ppd/ws/biorev.htm
25. Dalentoft E, Thulin P (1997) The use of the Kaldnes suspended carrier process in treatment of
wastewaters from the forest industry. Water Sci Technol 35:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0273-1223(96)00923-7
26. Munch EV, Barr K, Watts S, Keller J (2000) Suspended carrier technology allows upgrading
high-rate activated sludge plants for nitrogen removal via process intensification. Water Sci
Technol 41:5–12
27. Jensen KR 1995 Effects of integrated fixed film activated sludge on nitrogen removal in
biological nutrient removal systems. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA
28. Mitta PR (1994) Utilisation of fixed film media in BNR activated sludge. M.S. Thesis, Virginia
Tech., Blacksburg, VA
29. Rittmann BE (1982) Comparative performance of biofilm reactor types. Biotechnol Bioeng
XXIV:1341–1370
30. Mudliar S, Banerjee S, Vaidya A, Devotta S (2008) Steady state model for evaluation of external
and internal mass transfer effects in an immobilized biofilm. Biores Technol 99:3468–3474
31. Raafat M, Diaa O, Monayeri EI, Amer N (2014) Application of hybrid system to upgrade
existing wastewater treatment plants: a case study. Int J Sci: Basic Appl Res 14(2):154–168
32. Ross D, Fernandes W, Briggs T, Kim N, Booh G, Neely D, Welp J (2004) Integrated fixed film
activated sludge (IFAS) at the lake view WWTP the real implementation issues. In: Proceedings
of the 77 th WEFTEC-national conference of the water environment federation, New Orlians,
L.A
33. Rostron WM, Stuckey DC, Young AA (2001) Nitrification of high strength ammonia waste
waters: comparative study of immobilization media. Water Res 35:1169–1178. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00365-1
34. Chuang SH, Ouyang CF, Yuang HC, You SJ (1997) Effects of SRT and DO on nutrient removal
in a combined AS-biofilm process. Water Sci Technol 36:19–27
35. Hait S, Mazumder D (2008) Scope of improvement of treatment capacity of activated sludge
process by hybrid modification. J Environ Eng Sci 7:147–158 (NRC Canada)
36. Ye J, McDowell CS, Koch K, Kulick FM, Rothermal BC (2009) Pilot testing of structured
sheet media IFAS for wastewater biological nutrient removal(BNR). Proc Water Environ Fed
12:4427–4442
37. Gheewala SH Annachhatre AP (2003) Efficacy of biofilms under toxic conditions. J Env Engg
ASCE 576–579
38. Mazumder D (2010) Simultaneous COD and ammonium nitrogen removal from a high strength
wastewater in a shaft-type aerobic hybrid bioreactor. Int J Environ Sci Dev 1(4):327332
39. Li C, Ji M, Li X, Wang M (2011) Municipal wastewater treatment in a new type bio-carrier
reactor. Procedia Environ Sci 10:962–967
40. Hooshyari B, Azimi A, Mehrdadi N (2009) Kinetic analysis of enhanced biological phosphorus
removal in a hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge process. Int J Environ Sci Technol
6(1):149–158
41. Azimi AA, Hooshyari B, Mehrdadi N, Bidhendi GN (2007) Enhanced COD and nutrient
removal efficiency in a hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge process. Iran J Sci Technol
31:523–533
42. EI-jafry MH, Ibrahim WA, EI-adawy MS (2013) Enhanced COD and nutrient removal efficiency in integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) process. In: International conference on
civil and architecture engineering, Kuala Lampur, pp 43–46
43. Thalla AK et al (2012) Experimental evaluation of activated sludge—biofilm reactor: influence
of composite media. ASCE, HZ 2153–5515:134–141
37
22. Harvey PJ, Siviter CL (1999) Use of the suspended carrier process to upgrade wastewater
treatment facilities [online]. Available from https://www.purac.net/downloads/articles/1999%
20NZWWA%20Conference%20Paper%Kaldnes_pdf. Accessed on 10 Aug 2003
23. Ødegaard H, Rusten B, Westrum T (1994) A new moving bed biofilm reactor applications and
results. Water Sci Technol 29:157–165
24. Rantanen P, Valve M (2003) A hybrid process for biological phosphorus and nitrogen removalpilot plant experiments [online]. Available from www.vyh.fi/eng/syke/ppd/ws/biorev.htm
25. Dalentoft E, Thulin P (1997) The use of the Kaldnes suspended carrier process in treatment of
wastewaters from the forest industry. Water Sci Technol 35:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0273-1223(96)00923-7
26. Munch EV, Barr K, Watts S, Keller J (2000) Suspended carrier technology allows upgrading
high-rate activated sludge plants for nitrogen removal via process intensification. Water Sci
Technol 41:5–12
27. Jensen KR 1995 Effects of integrated fixed film activated sludge on nitrogen removal in
biological nutrient removal systems. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA
28. Mitta PR (1994) Utilisation of fixed film media in BNR activated sludge. M.S. Thesis, Virginia
Tech., Blacksburg, VA
29. Rittmann BE (1982) Comparative performance of biofilm reactor types. Biotechnol Bioeng
XXIV:1341–1370
30. Mudliar S, Banerjee S, Vaidya A, Devotta S (2008) Steady state model for evaluation of external
and internal mass transfer effects in an immobilized biofilm. Biores Technol 99:3468–3474
31. Raafat M, Diaa O, Monayeri EI, Amer N (2014) Application of hybrid system to upgrade
existing wastewater treatment plants: a case study. Int J Sci: Basic Appl Res 14(2):154–168
32. Ross D, Fernandes W, Briggs T, Kim N, Booh G, Neely D, Welp J (2004) Integrated fixed film
activated sludge (IFAS) at the lake view WWTP the real implementation issues. In: Proceedings
of the 77 th WEFTEC-national conference of the water environment federation, New Orlians,
L.A
33. Rostron WM, Stuckey DC, Young AA (2001) Nitrification of high strength ammonia waste
waters: comparative study of immobilization media. Water Res 35:1169–1178. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00365-1
34. Chuang SH, Ouyang CF, Yuang HC, You SJ (1997) Effects of SRT and DO on nutrient removal
in a combined AS-biofilm process. Water Sci Technol 36:19–27
35. Hait S, Mazumder D (2008) Scope of improvement of treatment capacity of activated sludge
process by hybrid modification. J Environ Eng Sci 7:147–158 (NRC Canada)
36. Ye J, McDowell CS, Koch K, Kulick FM, Rothermal BC (2009) Pilot testing of structured
sheet media IFAS for wastewater biological nutrient removal(BNR). Proc Water Environ Fed
12:4427–4442
37. Gheewala SH Annachhatre AP (2003) Efficacy of biofilms under toxic conditions. J Env Engg
ASCE 576–579
38. Mazumder D (2010) Simultaneous COD and ammonium nitrogen removal from a high strength
wastewater in a shaft-type aerobic hybrid bioreactor. Int J Environ Sci Dev 1(4):327332
39. Li C, Ji M, Li X, Wang M (2011) Municipal wastewater treatment in a new type bio-carrier
reactor. Procedia Environ Sci 10:962–967
40. Hooshyari B, Azimi A, Mehrdadi N (2009) Kinetic analysis of enhanced biological phosphorus
removal in a hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge process. Int J Environ Sci Technol
6(1):149–158
41. Azimi AA, Hooshyari B, Mehrdadi N, Bidhendi GN (2007) Enhanced COD and nutrient
removal efficiency in a hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge process. Iran J Sci Technol
31:523–533
42. EI-jafry MH, Ibrahim WA, EI-adawy MS (2013) Enhanced COD and nutrient removal efficiency in integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) process. In: International conference on
civil and architecture engineering, Kuala Lampur, pp 43–46
43. Thalla AK et al (2012) Experimental evaluation of activated sludge—biofilm reactor: influence
of composite media. ASCE, HZ 2153–5515:134–141