486
A. Chatterjee et al.
1 Introduction
Biofilm is a bacterial population that remains enclosed by an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which confers stability of the biofilm structure, inhibits
the penetration of antibiotics through the biofilms and leads to the pathogenesis of
biofilm-associated infections and antibiotic resistance (Davies 2003; Fux et al. 2005).
Biofilms of S. aureus are difficult to treat with antibiotics due to the formation of EPS
and play an important role in healthcare-associated infections and also those related
to medical devices (Stoodley et al. 2004; Costerton et al. 1999; Khatoon et al. 2018).
As increased tolerance of biofilms to antibiotics makes its eradication difficult therefore there is a need to develop an alternative therapeutic method for the treatment
of various infections. Nanotechnology is an emerging technological advancement
in the present years due to its applications in various science fields. Among the
different types of nanomaterials produced, silver nanoparticles have proved to be an
excellent antimicrobial agent. Green nanotechnology facilitates the manufacture of
nanotechnology-based products that are eco-friendly with sustainable commercial
viability. The present work aims at the simple and reproducible method of biofilm
inhibition by coating the chitin flakes with green nanoparticles (Curcuma longa and
Azadirachta indica) in the concentration range of 1 mg–50 mg/ml.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials and Bacterial Strains
All the chemicals used for the experiments were purchased from Himedia, India and
silver nitrate from Merck India. The bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC)
was purchased from Himedia.
2.2 Synthesis of Green Nanoparticles
Green nanoparticles were synthesized with C. longa and A. indica plant extracts
using 0.01MAgNO 3 at 25 °C (Shameli et al. 2012) and 0.001 M AgNO 3 at 45 °C
(Roy et al. 2017), respectively, and were characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer
and were confirmed by SEM analysis.
A. Chatterjee et al.
1 Introduction
Biofilm is a bacterial population that remains enclosed by an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which confers stability of the biofilm structure, inhibits
the penetration of antibiotics through the biofilms and leads to the pathogenesis of
biofilm-associated infections and antibiotic resistance (Davies 2003; Fux et al. 2005).
Biofilms of S. aureus are difficult to treat with antibiotics due to the formation of EPS
and play an important role in healthcare-associated infections and also those related
to medical devices (Stoodley et al. 2004; Costerton et al. 1999; Khatoon et al. 2018).
As increased tolerance of biofilms to antibiotics makes its eradication difficult therefore there is a need to develop an alternative therapeutic method for the treatment
of various infections. Nanotechnology is an emerging technological advancement
in the present years due to its applications in various science fields. Among the
different types of nanomaterials produced, silver nanoparticles have proved to be an
excellent antimicrobial agent. Green nanotechnology facilitates the manufacture of
nanotechnology-based products that are eco-friendly with sustainable commercial
viability. The present work aims at the simple and reproducible method of biofilm
inhibition by coating the chitin flakes with green nanoparticles (Curcuma longa and
Azadirachta indica) in the concentration range of 1 mg–50 mg/ml.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials and Bacterial Strains
All the chemicals used for the experiments were purchased from Himedia, India and
silver nitrate from Merck India. The bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC)
was purchased from Himedia.
2.2 Synthesis of Green Nanoparticles
Green nanoparticles were synthesized with C. longa and A. indica plant extracts
using 0.01MAgNO 3 at 25 °C (Shameli et al. 2012) and 0.001 M AgNO 3 at 45 °C
(Roy et al. 2017), respectively, and were characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer
and were confirmed by SEM analysis.