274
S. Majumdar and J. Bhowal
Table 3 Comparative analysis of crude enzymes activities of fungal extracts produced on pretreated
cauliflower wastes by mono and co-culture in comparison to commercially available enzymes
Media
Endoglucanase (IU
ml −1 )
Exoglucanase (IU
ml −1 )
β-glucosidase (IU
ml −1 )
Xylanase (IU
ml −1 )
CS (A. niger)
160 ± 0.69 d,e
105 ± 2.39 c
72.31 ± 2.38 d,e 141.67 ± 0.45 c
CL (A. niger) 155.65 ± 2.87 d,e 107.23 ± 0.36 c
70.28 ± 1.37 b
146.67 ± 0.743 c
CS (Co
culture)
151.34 ± 0.16 c
108.33 ± 0.26
109.21 ± 2.31 c,d 158.67 ± 3.18 c,d
CL (Co
culture)
142.23 ± 0.41 c
106.45 ± 0.47 d,e
115 ± 2.47 c
164.67 ± 0.31 c
Commercial
cellulase
150 ± 1.56
45 ± 1.19
64.25 ± 1.17
–
Commercial
Xylanase
−
–
–
128 ± 1.29
CL Cauliflower leaf, CS Cauliflower stalk Sample evaluation is done in triplicate. Values are
calculated as Mean ± SD(n = 3). Lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05).
Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05)
3.3 Comparison Between Extracted and Commercially
Available Enzyme Activity Analysis
In our study, crude fungal extract from mono-culture cultivation of A. niger also
showed better activities of lignocelullosic degrading enzymes using pretreated
cauliflower wastes as substrates than other mono-culture fermentation except the
activity of exoglucanse obtained from A. oryzae. Activities of the hydrolytic enzymes
that are relevant for the degradation of lignocellulose produced in our lab from monoculture (A. niger) and co-culture (A. niger + A. oryzae + C. intermedia) microbial
sources were compared with those of commercial cellulase and xylanase. The activities of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase and xylanase obtained from
crude fungal extract of co-culture cultivation on organosolvent pretreated cauliflower
leaf were 142.23 ± 0.41
c IU ml
−1 , 106.45 ± 0.47
d,e IU ml
−1 , 115.67 ± 2.47
c IU
ml
−1 and 164.67 ± 0.31
c IU ml
−1 , respectively, while those obtained from commercial cellulase and xylanase were 150 ± 1.56 IU ml
−1 , 45 ± 1.19 IU ml
−1 , 64.25 ±
1.17 IU ml
−1 and 128 ± 1.29 IU ml
−1 , respectively. These results (Table 3) clearly
indicated that except endoglucanase, all of the enzyme activities in the fungal extract
(from both mono and co-culture) were higher than the available commercial enzymes.
3.4 Pretreated Cauliflower Waste Hydrolysis
Enzymatic saccharification is the penultimate as well as the most important step for
the conversion of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates into the production of reducing
S. Majumdar and J. Bhowal
Table 3 Comparative analysis of crude enzymes activities of fungal extracts produced on pretreated
cauliflower wastes by mono and co-culture in comparison to commercially available enzymes
Media
Endoglucanase (IU
ml −1 )
Exoglucanase (IU
ml −1 )
β-glucosidase (IU
ml −1 )
Xylanase (IU
ml −1 )
CS (A. niger)
160 ± 0.69 d,e
105 ± 2.39 c
72.31 ± 2.38 d,e 141.67 ± 0.45 c
CL (A. niger) 155.65 ± 2.87 d,e 107.23 ± 0.36 c
70.28 ± 1.37 b
146.67 ± 0.743 c
CS (Co
culture)
151.34 ± 0.16 c
108.33 ± 0.26
109.21 ± 2.31 c,d 158.67 ± 3.18 c,d
CL (Co
culture)
142.23 ± 0.41 c
106.45 ± 0.47 d,e
115 ± 2.47 c
164.67 ± 0.31 c
Commercial
cellulase
150 ± 1.56
45 ± 1.19
64.25 ± 1.17
–
Commercial
Xylanase
−
–
–
128 ± 1.29
CL Cauliflower leaf, CS Cauliflower stalk Sample evaluation is done in triplicate. Values are
calculated as Mean ± SD(n = 3). Lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05).
Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05)
3.3 Comparison Between Extracted and Commercially
Available Enzyme Activity Analysis
In our study, crude fungal extract from mono-culture cultivation of A. niger also
showed better activities of lignocelullosic degrading enzymes using pretreated
cauliflower wastes as substrates than other mono-culture fermentation except the
activity of exoglucanse obtained from A. oryzae. Activities of the hydrolytic enzymes
that are relevant for the degradation of lignocellulose produced in our lab from monoculture (A. niger) and co-culture (A. niger + A. oryzae + C. intermedia) microbial
sources were compared with those of commercial cellulase and xylanase. The activities of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase and xylanase obtained from
crude fungal extract of co-culture cultivation on organosolvent pretreated cauliflower
leaf were 142.23 ± 0.41
c IU ml
−1 , 106.45 ± 0.47
d,e IU ml
−1 , 115.67 ± 2.47
c IU
ml
−1 and 164.67 ± 0.31
c IU ml
−1 , respectively, while those obtained from commercial cellulase and xylanase were 150 ± 1.56 IU ml
−1 , 45 ± 1.19 IU ml
−1 , 64.25 ±
1.17 IU ml
−1 and 128 ± 1.29 IU ml
−1 , respectively. These results (Table 3) clearly
indicated that except endoglucanase, all of the enzyme activities in the fungal extract
(from both mono and co-culture) were higher than the available commercial enzymes.
3.4 Pretreated Cauliflower Waste Hydrolysis
Enzymatic saccharification is the penultimate as well as the most important step for
the conversion of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates into the production of reducing