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P. Chaudhuri et al.
diseased D allele (80%) which is carried over to the newborn babies (65%), and (iii)
for CRP via diseased G allele (70%) which is also carried over to the newborn babies
(72%). This study leads to the conclusion that Asian Indian population are ethnically
and genetically predisposed to the risk factors of diabetes, which is reflected in their
gestational phase and it has a significant implication on their birth outcomes.
Keywords Asian indians · Type 2 diabetes · Family history of diabetes · Gene
polymorphisms · Birth outcomes
1 Introduction
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the culmination of a number of risk factors which
give rise to a variety of potentially harmful diseases such as cardiovascular disease
(CVD) and more importantly development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Other
factors which can give rise to MetS also include insulin resistance (IR), atherogenic
dyslipidemia, obesity, genetic inheritance, and high blood pressure. MetS can cause
a fivefold increase in T2DM (Borch-Johnsen 2007).
Diabetes mellitus (DM), one of the major contributing factors of MetS, is caused
by dysregulation of blood glucose. T2DM is the most common type of diabetes
with a frequency of 90-95% of all diabetic cases. This form of diabetes is caused
by both genetic and lifestyle factors which results in insulin resistance or deficiency
or both (Fraser and Lawlor 2014). According to International Diabetes Foundation
(IDF 2006), India is currently placed behind China in terms of diabetes. Diabetes is
spreading rapidly and consists of more than 62 million Indians with approximately
1 million Indians dying due to diabetes each year (Gale 2010).
T2DM is associated with a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
among which IRS-1, IRS-2 and CRP are very common genes in South Asian population. Among the two most common polymorphisms reported for IRS-1, Gly972Arg
polymorphism is more pronounced in T2DM patients. Even though four other polymorphisms exist, the most prominent polymorphism which targets IRS-2 is Gly1057
substituted to aspartic acid and this SNP has been reported with T2DM (Waqar et al.
2009). Genetic factors account for 40% of variance in plasma CRP levels and +1059
G > C polymorphism in CRP gene has been considered to be contributing factor
toward the progression of T2DM (Thalmaier et al. 2006).
Family history of diabetes (FHD) has been found to be most useful for predicting
T2DM when the disease is premature and thus adding FHD could provide significant improvements in detecting undiagnosed diabetes (Yang et al. 2010). This study
correlates how FHD and other metabolic risk factors are related to these SNPs and
eventually lead to increased susceptibility toward T2DM and metabolic syndrome
in the next generation.
P. Chaudhuri et al.
diseased D allele (80%) which is carried over to the newborn babies (65%), and (iii)
for CRP via diseased G allele (70%) which is also carried over to the newborn babies
(72%). This study leads to the conclusion that Asian Indian population are ethnically
and genetically predisposed to the risk factors of diabetes, which is reflected in their
gestational phase and it has a significant implication on their birth outcomes.
Keywords Asian indians · Type 2 diabetes · Family history of diabetes · Gene
polymorphisms · Birth outcomes
1 Introduction
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the culmination of a number of risk factors which
give rise to a variety of potentially harmful diseases such as cardiovascular disease
(CVD) and more importantly development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Other
factors which can give rise to MetS also include insulin resistance (IR), atherogenic
dyslipidemia, obesity, genetic inheritance, and high blood pressure. MetS can cause
a fivefold increase in T2DM (Borch-Johnsen 2007).
Diabetes mellitus (DM), one of the major contributing factors of MetS, is caused
by dysregulation of blood glucose. T2DM is the most common type of diabetes
with a frequency of 90-95% of all diabetic cases. This form of diabetes is caused
by both genetic and lifestyle factors which results in insulin resistance or deficiency
or both (Fraser and Lawlor 2014). According to International Diabetes Foundation
(IDF 2006), India is currently placed behind China in terms of diabetes. Diabetes is
spreading rapidly and consists of more than 62 million Indians with approximately
1 million Indians dying due to diabetes each year (Gale 2010).
T2DM is associated with a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
among which IRS-1, IRS-2 and CRP are very common genes in South Asian population. Among the two most common polymorphisms reported for IRS-1, Gly972Arg
polymorphism is more pronounced in T2DM patients. Even though four other polymorphisms exist, the most prominent polymorphism which targets IRS-2 is Gly1057
substituted to aspartic acid and this SNP has been reported with T2DM (Waqar et al.
2009). Genetic factors account for 40% of variance in plasma CRP levels and +1059
G > C polymorphism in CRP gene has been considered to be contributing factor
toward the progression of T2DM (Thalmaier et al. 2006).
Family history of diabetes (FHD) has been found to be most useful for predicting
T2DM when the disease is premature and thus adding FHD could provide significant improvements in detecting undiagnosed diabetes (Yang et al. 2010). This study
correlates how FHD and other metabolic risk factors are related to these SNPs and
eventually lead to increased susceptibility toward T2DM and metabolic syndrome
in the next generation.