Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Metal Cluster Nucleation …
239
Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn from this study:
(i) Deposition of Sn and Co includes a simultaneous contribution from three
processes: formation of adatom layer and/or charging of double layer at
the electrode-electrolyte interface, the three-dimensional diffusion-controlled
nucleation and growth, and a proton reduction reaction taking place over the
reduced metal nuclei.
(ii) The nucleation rate at an overpotential of +0.5 V for Sn (7.34 × 10
7 cm
−2
s
−1 ) is faster than that of Co (1.72 × 10
5 ). However, the contribution of proton
reduction reaction is significant in the case of Sn deposition, but it is negligible
in the case of Co deposition.
(iii) The Gibb’s free energy required for nucleation of stable nucleus is of the order
of room temperature thermal energy for Sn and Co deposition. The critical size
of atoms in both the cases is one, which means that every single atom of Sn
and Co can further grow under the experimental conditions.
References
1. Zhao J, Xie X, Zhang C (2017) Effect of the graphene oxide additive on the corrosion resistance
of the plasma electrolytic oxidation coating of the AZ31 magnesium alloy. Corros Sci 114:146–
155. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CORSCI.2016.11.007
2. Zhang D, Qaim M, Gao W, Zhang W, Owusu AB, He Z, Wang Y (2019) Microstructure and
properties of tin-cobalt nanocomposite coatings reinforced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Mater Res Express 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab58f7
3. Rashad M, Pan F, Asif M, Chen X (2017) Corrosion behavior of magnesium-graphene composites in sodium chloride solutions. J Magnes Alloy 5:271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.
2017.06.003
4. Berlia R, Punith Kumar MK, Srivastava C (2015) Electrochemical behavior of Sn–graphene
composite coating. RSC Adv 5:71413–71418. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA11207A
5. Yu F, Camilli L, Wang T, Mackenzie DMA, Curioni M, Akid R, Bøggild P (2018) Complete
long-term corrosion protection with chemical vapor deposited graphene. Carbon N Y 132:78–
84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.035
6. Wu Y, Zhao W, Qiang Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Gao X, Fang Z (2020) π-π interaction between
fluorinated reduced graphene oxide and acridizinium ionic liquid: synthesis and anti-corrosion
application. Carbon N Y 159:292–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.047
7. Uysal M (2019) Electroless codeposition of Ni-P composite coatings: effects of graphene and
TiO 2 on the morphology, corrosion, and tribological properties. Metall Mater Trans A Phys
Metall Mater Sci 50:2331–2341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05161-9
8. Arora S, Kumari N, Srivastava C (2019) Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of NiCocarbon nanotube composite coatings. J Alloys Compd 801:449–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jallcom.2019.06.083
9. Tong LB, Zhang JB, Xu C, Wang X, Song SY, Jiang ZH, Kamado S, Cheng LR, Zhang HJ
(2016) Enhanced corrosion and wear resistances by graphene oxide coating on the surface of
Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. Carbon N Y 109:340–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.08.032
239
Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn from this study:
(i) Deposition of Sn and Co includes a simultaneous contribution from three
processes: formation of adatom layer and/or charging of double layer at
the electrode-electrolyte interface, the three-dimensional diffusion-controlled
nucleation and growth, and a proton reduction reaction taking place over the
reduced metal nuclei.
(ii) The nucleation rate at an overpotential of +0.5 V for Sn (7.34 × 10
7 cm
−2
s
−1 ) is faster than that of Co (1.72 × 10
5 ). However, the contribution of proton
reduction reaction is significant in the case of Sn deposition, but it is negligible
in the case of Co deposition.
(iii) The Gibb’s free energy required for nucleation of stable nucleus is of the order
of room temperature thermal energy for Sn and Co deposition. The critical size
of atoms in both the cases is one, which means that every single atom of Sn
and Co can further grow under the experimental conditions.
References
1. Zhao J, Xie X, Zhang C (2017) Effect of the graphene oxide additive on the corrosion resistance
of the plasma electrolytic oxidation coating of the AZ31 magnesium alloy. Corros Sci 114:146–
155. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CORSCI.2016.11.007
2. Zhang D, Qaim M, Gao W, Zhang W, Owusu AB, He Z, Wang Y (2019) Microstructure and
properties of tin-cobalt nanocomposite coatings reinforced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Mater Res Express 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab58f7
3. Rashad M, Pan F, Asif M, Chen X (2017) Corrosion behavior of magnesium-graphene composites in sodium chloride solutions. J Magnes Alloy 5:271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.
2017.06.003
4. Berlia R, Punith Kumar MK, Srivastava C (2015) Electrochemical behavior of Sn–graphene
composite coating. RSC Adv 5:71413–71418. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA11207A
5. Yu F, Camilli L, Wang T, Mackenzie DMA, Curioni M, Akid R, Bøggild P (2018) Complete
long-term corrosion protection with chemical vapor deposited graphene. Carbon N Y 132:78–
84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.035
6. Wu Y, Zhao W, Qiang Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Gao X, Fang Z (2020) π-π interaction between
fluorinated reduced graphene oxide and acridizinium ionic liquid: synthesis and anti-corrosion
application. Carbon N Y 159:292–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.047
7. Uysal M (2019) Electroless codeposition of Ni-P composite coatings: effects of graphene and
TiO 2 on the morphology, corrosion, and tribological properties. Metall Mater Trans A Phys
Metall Mater Sci 50:2331–2341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05161-9
8. Arora S, Kumari N, Srivastava C (2019) Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of NiCocarbon nanotube composite coatings. J Alloys Compd 801:449–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jallcom.2019.06.083
9. Tong LB, Zhang JB, Xu C, Wang X, Song SY, Jiang ZH, Kamado S, Cheng LR, Zhang HJ
(2016) Enhanced corrosion and wear resistances by graphene oxide coating on the surface of
Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. Carbon N Y 109:340–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.08.032