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90. Stoots CM, Calabrese RV (1995) Mean velocity field to a rushton turbine blade. Am Inst
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95. Godara P, McFarland CD, Nordon RE (2008) Design of bioreactors for mesenchymal stem
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96. Rafiq QA, Brosnan KM, Coopman K, Nienow AW, Hewitt CJ (2013) Culture of human
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35:1233–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-013-1211-9
97. Ibrahim S, Nienow AW (2004) Suspension of microcarriers for cell culture with axial flow
impellers. Chem Eng Res Des 82:1082–1088. https://doi.org/10.1205/cerd.82.9.1082.44161
98. Hewitt CJ, Lee K, Nienow AW, Thomas RJ, Smith M, Thomas CR (2011) Expansion of
human mesenchymal stem cells on microcarriers. Biotechnol Lett 33:2325–2335. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10529-011-0695-4
99. Yourek G, McCormick SM, Mao JJ, Reilly GC (2010) Shear stress induces osteogenic
differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med 5:713–724. https://doi.org/10.
2217/rme.10.60
100. Yourek G, Hussain MA, Mao JJ (2007) Cytoskeletal changes of mesenchymal stem cells
during differentiation. ASAIO J 53:219–228. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAT.
0b013e31802deb2d
101. Yeatts AB, Choquette DT, Fisher JP (2013) Bioreactors to influence stem cell fate: augmentation of mesenchymal stem cell signaling pathways via dynamic culture systems. Biochim
Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1830:2470–2480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.06.007
102. Yeatts AB, Fisher JP (2011) Bone tissue engineering bioreactors: dynamic culture and the
influence of shear stress. Bone 48:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.09.138
103. Weyand B, Reimers K, Vogt PM (2011) Influences of extracellular matrix properties and flow
shear stresses on stem cell shape in a three-dimensional dynamic environment. IFMBE Proc
30:47–50
104. Weyand B, Kasper C, Israelowitz M, Gille C, von Schroeder HP, Reimers K, Vogt PM (2012)
A differential pressure laminar flow reactor supports osteogenic differentiation and
Numerical Methods for the Design and Description of In Vitro Expansion. . .
227
86. Kunas KT, Papoutsakis ET (1990) The protective effect of serum against hydrodynamic
damage of hybridoma cells in agitated and surface-aerated bioreactors. J Biotechnol
15:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(90)90051-C
87. Michaels JD, Petersen JF, Mclntire LV, Papoutsakis ET (1991) Protection mechanisms of
freely suspended animal cells (CRL 8018) from fluid-mechanical injury. Viscometric and
bioreactor studies using serum, pluronic F68 and polyethylene glycol. Biotechnol Bioeng
38:169–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260380209
88. Chisti Y (2000) Animal-cell damage in sparged bioreactors. Trends Biotechnol 18:420–432.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01474-8
89. Jossen V (2020) Bioengineering aspects of microcarrier-based hMSC expansions in different
single-use bioreactors. Technical University of Berlin, Berlin
90. Stoots CM, Calabrese RV (1995) Mean velocity field to a rushton turbine blade. Am Inst
Chem Eng J 41:1–11
91. Wollny S (2010) Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Partikelbeanspruchung
in gerührten (Bio-)Reaktoren. Technical University of Berlin
92. Venkat RV, Stock LR, Chalmers JJ (2000) Study of hydrodynamics in microcarrier culture
spinner vessels: a particle tracking velocimetry approach. Biotechnol Bioeng 49:456–466.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960220)49:4<456::AID-BIT13>3.0.CO;2-8
93. Ismadi M-Z, Hourigan K, Fouras A (2014) Experimental characterisation of fluid mechanics in
a spinner flask bioreactor. Processes 2:753–772. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr2040753
94. Zhang H, Lamping SR, Pickering SCR, Lye GJ, Shamlou PA (2008) Engineering characteristics of a single well from 24-well and 96-well microtire plates. Biochem Eng J 40:138–149
95. Godara P, McFarland CD, Nordon RE (2008) Design of bioreactors for mesenchymal stem
cell tissue engineering. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 83:408–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.
1918
96. Rafiq QA, Brosnan KM, Coopman K, Nienow AW, Hewitt CJ (2013) Culture of human
mesenchymal stem cells on microcarriers in a 5 l stirred-tank bioreactor. Biotechnol Lett
35:1233–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-013-1211-9
97. Ibrahim S, Nienow AW (2004) Suspension of microcarriers for cell culture with axial flow
impellers. Chem Eng Res Des 82:1082–1088. https://doi.org/10.1205/cerd.82.9.1082.44161
98. Hewitt CJ, Lee K, Nienow AW, Thomas RJ, Smith M, Thomas CR (2011) Expansion of
human mesenchymal stem cells on microcarriers. Biotechnol Lett 33:2325–2335. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10529-011-0695-4
99. Yourek G, McCormick SM, Mao JJ, Reilly GC (2010) Shear stress induces osteogenic
differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med 5:713–724. https://doi.org/10.
2217/rme.10.60
100. Yourek G, Hussain MA, Mao JJ (2007) Cytoskeletal changes of mesenchymal stem cells
during differentiation. ASAIO J 53:219–228. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAT.
0b013e31802deb2d
101. Yeatts AB, Choquette DT, Fisher JP (2013) Bioreactors to influence stem cell fate: augmentation of mesenchymal stem cell signaling pathways via dynamic culture systems. Biochim
Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1830:2470–2480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.06.007
102. Yeatts AB, Fisher JP (2011) Bone tissue engineering bioreactors: dynamic culture and the
influence of shear stress. Bone 48:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.09.138
103. Weyand B, Reimers K, Vogt PM (2011) Influences of extracellular matrix properties and flow
shear stresses on stem cell shape in a three-dimensional dynamic environment. IFMBE Proc
30:47–50
104. Weyand B, Kasper C, Israelowitz M, Gille C, von Schroeder HP, Reimers K, Vogt PM (2012)
A differential pressure laminar flow reactor supports osteogenic differentiation and
Numerical Methods for the Design and Description of In Vitro Expansion. . .
227