7.2 Composite Deposition from Particle Suspensions
253
The reason of the addition of TiO 2 particles to PbO 2 deposits was originally the
enhancement of the photoelectrochemical activity of the resulting oxide electrode.
However, it turned out that the TiO 2 addition leads to further advantages like the
improvement of the electrode life time [221] and the enhancement of the electrode
activity also without illumination [222]. From preparative point of view, the TiO 2
particles increased the rate of the PbO 2 formation in the kinetic potential regime
[223], which was explained by the effect of the hydroxide radicals forming on the
incorporated particles that act as nucleation centres for the PbO 2 deposition.
The anodic deposition of MnO 2 -based composite coatings is based on similar
principles as that of PbO 2 . Briefly, the solution contains a manganese salt (usually
manganese(II) nitrate in 0.1 M concentration) and the suspended particles such as
Co 3 O 4 [224] or WoO 3 [225]. The addition of the appropriate oxide nanoparticles
results in better supercapacitive properties of the MnO 2 -based coatings in terms of
both the capacitance values themselves and the capacity retention with electrode
cycling.
For sake of completeness, it is to be mentioned that anodic processes are capable of
producing various materials other than oxides. In this example, nanoparticle-doped
BiVO 4 coating was produced with anodic current from a solution containing Bi
3+
and VO
2+ ions [226]. The incorporated WoO 3 nanoparticles improved the behaviour
of the resulting coating in the photoelectrochemical water oxidation process.
References
1. Watanabe T (2004) Nano-plating. Elsevier, Oxford
2. Neuróhr K, Dégi J, Pogány L, Bakonyi I, Ungvári D, Vad K, Hakl J, Révész Á, Péter L (2012)
J Alloy Compd 545:111–121
3. Michaelsen C (1995) Philos Mag a 72:813–828
4. Liang D, Shao W, Zangari G (2016) J Electrochem Soc 163:D40–D48
5. Kazeminezhad I, Blythe HJ, Schwarzacher W (2001) Appl Phys Lett 78:1014–1016
6. de Paula FR, Oestereich AL, Zago LA, Spada ER (2016) J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 27:9734–
9739
7. Cohen-Hyams T, Kaplan WD, Aurbach D, Cohen YS, Yahalom J (2003) J Electrochem Soc
150:C28–C35
8. Cohen-Hyams T, Plitzko JM, Hetherington CJD, Hutchinson JL, Yahalom J, Kaplan WD
(2004) J Mater Sci 39:5701–5709
9. Ge S, Li H, Li C, Xi L, Li W, Chi J (2000) J Phys Condens Matter 12:5905–5916
10. Pattanaik GR, Kashyap SC, Pandya DK (2000) J Magn Magn Mater 219:309–316
11. Pattanaik GR, Pandya DK, Kashyap SC (2002) J Electrochem Soc 149:C363–C369
12. Bran J, Jean M, Lardé R, Sauvage X, Le Breton JM, Morin-Grognet S, Pautrat A (2014) J
Alloy Compd 596:118–124
13. Pattanaik GR, Pandya DK, Kashyap SC (2003) Thin Solid Films 433:247–251
14. Kelly JJ, Bradley PE, Landolt D (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:2975–2980
15. Kelly JJ, Kern P, Landolt D (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:3725–3729
16. Kelly JJ, Cantoni M, Landolt D (2001) J Electrochem Soc 148:C620–C626
17. Rafaja D, Schimpf C, Schucknecht T, Klemm V, Péter L, Bakonyi I (2011) Acta Mater
59:2992–3001
18. Liu QX, Péter L, Pádár J, Bakonyi I (2005) J Electrochem Soc 152:C316–C323
253
The reason of the addition of TiO 2 particles to PbO 2 deposits was originally the
enhancement of the photoelectrochemical activity of the resulting oxide electrode.
However, it turned out that the TiO 2 addition leads to further advantages like the
improvement of the electrode life time [221] and the enhancement of the electrode
activity also without illumination [222]. From preparative point of view, the TiO 2
particles increased the rate of the PbO 2 formation in the kinetic potential regime
[223], which was explained by the effect of the hydroxide radicals forming on the
incorporated particles that act as nucleation centres for the PbO 2 deposition.
The anodic deposition of MnO 2 -based composite coatings is based on similar
principles as that of PbO 2 . Briefly, the solution contains a manganese salt (usually
manganese(II) nitrate in 0.1 M concentration) and the suspended particles such as
Co 3 O 4 [224] or WoO 3 [225]. The addition of the appropriate oxide nanoparticles
results in better supercapacitive properties of the MnO 2 -based coatings in terms of
both the capacitance values themselves and the capacity retention with electrode
cycling.
For sake of completeness, it is to be mentioned that anodic processes are capable of
producing various materials other than oxides. In this example, nanoparticle-doped
BiVO 4 coating was produced with anodic current from a solution containing Bi
3+
and VO
2+ ions [226]. The incorporated WoO 3 nanoparticles improved the behaviour
of the resulting coating in the photoelectrochemical water oxidation process.
References
1. Watanabe T (2004) Nano-plating. Elsevier, Oxford
2. Neuróhr K, Dégi J, Pogány L, Bakonyi I, Ungvári D, Vad K, Hakl J, Révész Á, Péter L (2012)
J Alloy Compd 545:111–121
3. Michaelsen C (1995) Philos Mag a 72:813–828
4. Liang D, Shao W, Zangari G (2016) J Electrochem Soc 163:D40–D48
5. Kazeminezhad I, Blythe HJ, Schwarzacher W (2001) Appl Phys Lett 78:1014–1016
6. de Paula FR, Oestereich AL, Zago LA, Spada ER (2016) J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 27:9734–
9739
7. Cohen-Hyams T, Kaplan WD, Aurbach D, Cohen YS, Yahalom J (2003) J Electrochem Soc
150:C28–C35
8. Cohen-Hyams T, Plitzko JM, Hetherington CJD, Hutchinson JL, Yahalom J, Kaplan WD
(2004) J Mater Sci 39:5701–5709
9. Ge S, Li H, Li C, Xi L, Li W, Chi J (2000) J Phys Condens Matter 12:5905–5916
10. Pattanaik GR, Kashyap SC, Pandya DK (2000) J Magn Magn Mater 219:309–316
11. Pattanaik GR, Pandya DK, Kashyap SC (2002) J Electrochem Soc 149:C363–C369
12. Bran J, Jean M, Lardé R, Sauvage X, Le Breton JM, Morin-Grognet S, Pautrat A (2014) J
Alloy Compd 596:118–124
13. Pattanaik GR, Pandya DK, Kashyap SC (2003) Thin Solid Films 433:247–251
14. Kelly JJ, Bradley PE, Landolt D (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:2975–2980
15. Kelly JJ, Kern P, Landolt D (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:3725–3729
16. Kelly JJ, Cantoni M, Landolt D (2001) J Electrochem Soc 148:C620–C626
17. Rafaja D, Schimpf C, Schucknecht T, Klemm V, Péter L, Bakonyi I (2011) Acta Mater
59:2992–3001
18. Liu QX, Péter L, Pádár J, Bakonyi I (2005) J Electrochem Soc 152:C316–C323