Contents
xi
7.2.12 Metal–Metal Composites with Miscellaneous
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
7.2.13 Combination of Various Particles in Electroplated
Dispersion Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.2.14 Suspension Plating in Anodic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
8 Porous Nanostructured Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.1 The Dynamic Bubble Template Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.1.1
Overview of the Dynamic Bubble Template
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.1.2
Chemical Aspects of the DHBT-Plated Metals:
Deposit Types and Bath Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
8.1.3
Miscellaneous Other Materials and Methods
Related to the Dynamic Bubble Template
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.2 Superhydrophobic Porous Surfaces by Electrodeposition . . . . . . . 267
8.2.1
General Aspects of Morphology-Based
Hydrophobicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.2.2
Electroplated Metallic Coatings
with Hydrophobic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.2.3
Post-deposition Impregnation of Deposits
with High Surface Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.2.4
Hydrophobic Porous Salt Films Prepared
with Electrochemical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
8.2.5
Electroplated Hydrophobic Polymers with High
Surface Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
8.3 Porous Structures Electrodeposited from Dilute Solutions . . . . . . 277
8.3.1
Porous Metallic Deposits from Dilute Solutions . . . . . . 277
8.3.2
Non-metallic Nanocolumnar Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.4 Electrochemical Dealloying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
8.4.1
Background of Dealloying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
8.4.2
Dealloying of Binary Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
8.4.3
Dealloying of Ternary Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.4.4
Dealloying of Non-equilibrium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.4.5
Dealloying of Electrochemically Produced
Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.5 Combination of Porosity-Related Electrochemical Methods . . . . 294
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
9 Electrosynthesis of Nanostructures Without a Coating
Formation on Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
9.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles on Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
9.1.1
Metal Nanoparticle Formation by Direct
Electrochemical Reduction of Metal Ions . . . . . . . . . . . 303