36
H. Zhu et al.
2.2.2 Lactone Pyrichalasins
This group of pyrichalasins contains seven members, including four with a 12membered lactone ring and three with a 14-membered lactone ring (Table 9 and
Fig. 9). Of the four 12-membered lactone ring pyrichalasins, cytochalasins Z 24 (195)
and Z 25 (196) [97] were isolated from the fungus Eutypella sp. D-1 when collected
from the soil at a high latitude from the Arctic, while cytochalasins Z 27 (197) and
Z 28 (198) [98] were obtained by bioassay-guided isolation of Xylaria sp. XC-16,
an endophyte of Toona sinensis. The three 14-membered lactone ring pyrichalasins,
cytochalasins Z1 (199) [74], Z4 (200), and Z5 (201) [75], were all discovered by
Evidente and coworkers, from Pyrenophora semeniperda and Phoma exigua var.
heteromorpha, respectively.
2.2.3 Cyclic Carbonate and Seco-Pyrichalasins
There are seven cyclic carbonate pyrichalasins (202–208) (Table 10, Fig. 10) that
share the same 13-membered ring C with almost the same substitution pattern and
differ mainly in their isoindolone moiety. Scoparasin C Deng (209), isolated from
a marine fungus, Eutypella scoparia 1–15, is the only one belonging to the secopyrichalasins [99]. It also possesses a carbonate group, indicating that this secopyrichalasin is derived from a cyclic carbonate pyrichalasin.
2.3 The Chaetoglobosin Group
The chaetoglobosins are a group of cytochalasans with a tryptophan unit in the
core structure. Within this group, 133 chaetoglobosins are included in this Section
(Tables 11, 12, 13 and 14 and Figs. 11, 12, 13 and 14). As described in Sects. 2.1
and 2.2, a [5.6.11] carbon ring system is the main type for both the cytochalasins and
Table 10 Cyclic carbonate and seco pyrichalasins
Compound
Origin
References
Phenochalasin A (202)
Phomopsis sp. FT-0211
[100]
Phenochalasin B (203)
Phomopsis sp. FT-0211
[100]
Scoparasin A (204)
Eutypella scoparia PSU-D44
[101]
Scoparasin B (205)
Eutypella scoparia PSU-D44
[101]
Cytochalasin Z 26 (206)
Eutypella sp. D-1
[97]
Scoparasin C Rukachaisirikul (207)
Eutypella scoparia PSU-H267
[102]
Scoparasin D (208)
Eutypella scoparia 1–15
[99]
Scoparasin C Deng (209)
Eutypella scoparia 1–15
[99]
H. Zhu et al.
2.2.2 Lactone Pyrichalasins
This group of pyrichalasins contains seven members, including four with a 12membered lactone ring and three with a 14-membered lactone ring (Table 9 and
Fig. 9). Of the four 12-membered lactone ring pyrichalasins, cytochalasins Z 24 (195)
and Z 25 (196) [97] were isolated from the fungus Eutypella sp. D-1 when collected
from the soil at a high latitude from the Arctic, while cytochalasins Z 27 (197) and
Z 28 (198) [98] were obtained by bioassay-guided isolation of Xylaria sp. XC-16,
an endophyte of Toona sinensis. The three 14-membered lactone ring pyrichalasins,
cytochalasins Z1 (199) [74], Z4 (200), and Z5 (201) [75], were all discovered by
Evidente and coworkers, from Pyrenophora semeniperda and Phoma exigua var.
heteromorpha, respectively.
2.2.3 Cyclic Carbonate and Seco-Pyrichalasins
There are seven cyclic carbonate pyrichalasins (202–208) (Table 10, Fig. 10) that
share the same 13-membered ring C with almost the same substitution pattern and
differ mainly in their isoindolone moiety. Scoparasin C Deng (209), isolated from
a marine fungus, Eutypella scoparia 1–15, is the only one belonging to the secopyrichalasins [99]. It also possesses a carbonate group, indicating that this secopyrichalasin is derived from a cyclic carbonate pyrichalasin.
2.3 The Chaetoglobosin Group
The chaetoglobosins are a group of cytochalasans with a tryptophan unit in the
core structure. Within this group, 133 chaetoglobosins are included in this Section
(Tables 11, 12, 13 and 14 and Figs. 11, 12, 13 and 14). As described in Sects. 2.1
and 2.2, a [5.6.11] carbon ring system is the main type for both the cytochalasins and
Table 10 Cyclic carbonate and seco pyrichalasins
Compound
Origin
References
Phenochalasin A (202)
Phomopsis sp. FT-0211
[100]
Phenochalasin B (203)
Phomopsis sp. FT-0211
[100]
Scoparasin A (204)
Eutypella scoparia PSU-D44
[101]
Scoparasin B (205)
Eutypella scoparia PSU-D44
[101]
Cytochalasin Z 26 (206)
Eutypella sp. D-1
[97]
Scoparasin C Rukachaisirikul (207)
Eutypella scoparia PSU-H267
[102]
Scoparasin D (208)
Eutypella scoparia 1–15
[99]
Scoparasin C Deng (209)
Eutypella scoparia 1–15
[99]