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43. Klatt BK, Holzschuh A, Westphal C, Clough Y, Smit I, Pawelzik E, Tscharntke T (2014) Bee
pollination improves crop quality, shelf life and commercial value. Proc R Soc Lond B
281:20132440. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2440
44. Chautá-Mellizoa A et al (2012) Effects of natural and artificial pollination on fruit and
offspring quality. Basic Appl Ecol 13:524–532
45. European Commission (2015) Study on honey bee colony mortality. http://ec.europa.eu/food/
animals/live_animals/bees/study_on_mortality/index_en.htm
46. COLOSS, Institute of Bee Health, University of Bern (2015) Losses of honey bee colonies
over the 2014/15 winter: Preliminary results from an international study. http://www.coloss.
org/announcements/losses-of-honey-bee-colonies-over-the-2014-15-winter-preliminaryresults-from-an-international-study
47. Kaplan K (2015) Bee survey: lower winter losses, higher summer losses, increased total annual
losses. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. http://www.
ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2015/150513.htm
48. Goulson D, Nicholls E, Botías C, Rotheray EL (2015) Bee declines driven by combined stress
from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science 347(6229):1255957. https://doi.org/10.
1126/science.1255957
49. Ellis JD, Hammons K (2013) Overwintering honey bee colonies in Northern Climates.
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension. #ENY-161.
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1006
50. vanEngelsdorp D, Evans JD, Saegerman C, Mullin C, Haubruge E, Nguyen BK et al (2009)
Colony collapse disorder: a descriptive study. PLoS One 4(8):e6481. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pone.0006481
51. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide. Retrieved Nov 2015
52. Ellis J (2007, revised 2013) Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in honey bees. University of
Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension, ENY-150 (IN720). https://edis.
ifas.ufl.edu/in720
53. Bee Informed Partnership. https://beeinformed.org/results-categories/winter-loss/. Retrieved
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54. Grossman, E. (2013) Yale Environment360. Declining bee populations pose a threat to global
agriculture. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/
declining_bee_populations_pose_a_threat_to_global_agriculture/2645/
55. Pisa L et al (2014) Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. Environ
Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3471-x
56. Henry M, Béguin M, Requier F, Rollin O, Odoux JF, Aupinel P, Aptel J, Tchamitchian S,
Decourtye A (2012) A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey
bees. Science 336(6079):348–350
57. Yamada T (2012) Influence of dinotefuran and clothianidin on honey bee colony during longterm field experiment in apiary. IUCN Tokyo Forum on Systemic Pesticides, September 2012,
Tokyo. Unpublished conference paper. Japan for Sustainability, 2015. PDF
58. McGrath MT (2004) What are fungicides. Plant Health Instr. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I2004-0825-01
59. Pettis JS, Lichtenberg EM, Andree M, Stitzinger J, Rose R et al (2013) Crop pollination
exposes honey bees to pesticides which alters their susceptibility to the gut pathogen Nosema
ceranae. PLoS One 8(7):e70182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070182
60. Bernauer OM, Gaines-Day HR, Steffan SA (2015) Colonies of bumble bees (Bombus
impatiens) produce fewer workers, less bee biomass, and have smaller mother queens following fungicide exposure. Insects 6:478–488. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects6020478
61. MarketsandMarkets.com (2014) Herbicides market by type (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor,
2, 4-D), by crop type (cereals & grains, oilseeds & pulses, fruits & vegetables), by mode of
48
C. Li
10.1371/journal.pone.0021363
43. Klatt BK, Holzschuh A, Westphal C, Clough Y, Smit I, Pawelzik E, Tscharntke T (2014) Bee
pollination improves crop quality, shelf life and commercial value. Proc R Soc Lond B
281:20132440. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2440
44. Chautá-Mellizoa A et al (2012) Effects of natural and artificial pollination on fruit and
offspring quality. Basic Appl Ecol 13:524–532
45. European Commission (2015) Study on honey bee colony mortality. http://ec.europa.eu/food/
animals/live_animals/bees/study_on_mortality/index_en.htm
46. COLOSS, Institute of Bee Health, University of Bern (2015) Losses of honey bee colonies
over the 2014/15 winter: Preliminary results from an international study. http://www.coloss.
org/announcements/losses-of-honey-bee-colonies-over-the-2014-15-winter-preliminaryresults-from-an-international-study
47. Kaplan K (2015) Bee survey: lower winter losses, higher summer losses, increased total annual
losses. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. http://www.
ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2015/150513.htm
48. Goulson D, Nicholls E, Botías C, Rotheray EL (2015) Bee declines driven by combined stress
from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science 347(6229):1255957. https://doi.org/10.
1126/science.1255957
49. Ellis JD, Hammons K (2013) Overwintering honey bee colonies in Northern Climates.
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension. #ENY-161.
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1006
50. vanEngelsdorp D, Evans JD, Saegerman C, Mullin C, Haubruge E, Nguyen BK et al (2009)
Colony collapse disorder: a descriptive study. PLoS One 4(8):e6481. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pone.0006481
51. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide. Retrieved Nov 2015
52. Ellis J (2007, revised 2013) Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in honey bees. University of
Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension, ENY-150 (IN720). https://edis.
ifas.ufl.edu/in720
53. Bee Informed Partnership. https://beeinformed.org/results-categories/winter-loss/. Retrieved
Nov 2015
54. Grossman, E. (2013) Yale Environment360. Declining bee populations pose a threat to global
agriculture. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/
declining_bee_populations_pose_a_threat_to_global_agriculture/2645/
55. Pisa L et al (2014) Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. Environ
Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3471-x
56. Henry M, Béguin M, Requier F, Rollin O, Odoux JF, Aupinel P, Aptel J, Tchamitchian S,
Decourtye A (2012) A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey
bees. Science 336(6079):348–350
57. Yamada T (2012) Influence of dinotefuran and clothianidin on honey bee colony during longterm field experiment in apiary. IUCN Tokyo Forum on Systemic Pesticides, September 2012,
Tokyo. Unpublished conference paper. Japan for Sustainability, 2015. PDF
58. McGrath MT (2004) What are fungicides. Plant Health Instr. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I2004-0825-01
59. Pettis JS, Lichtenberg EM, Andree M, Stitzinger J, Rose R et al (2013) Crop pollination
exposes honey bees to pesticides which alters their susceptibility to the gut pathogen Nosema
ceranae. PLoS One 8(7):e70182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070182
60. Bernauer OM, Gaines-Day HR, Steffan SA (2015) Colonies of bumble bees (Bombus
impatiens) produce fewer workers, less bee biomass, and have smaller mother queens following fungicide exposure. Insects 6:478–488. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects6020478
61. MarketsandMarkets.com (2014) Herbicides market by type (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor,
2, 4-D), by crop type (cereals & grains, oilseeds & pulses, fruits & vegetables), by mode of
48
C. Li