Constant-pH leaching test (CPLT), 309
Contact beds, 114
Contact stabilization process, 102, 103,
439, 440
Contamination, 440
Conventional activated sludge process
applications, 100
biological sludge, 99
complete mix process, 101
contact stabilization process, 102, 103
design criteria, 104, 106, 107
design parameters, 104, 105
domestic wastewater, 99
extended aeration process, 101, 102
high-rate aeration, 108
Kraus process, 104
membrane bioreactor, 109, 110
MLSS, 99
modified aeration process, 105, 106
nitrogen removal
denitrification, 109
nitrification, 109
oxidation ditch, 108
quasi-plug flow mode, 99
sludge concentration vs. removable BOD,
104
step aeration process, 100, 101
step feed, 108
tapered aeration, 105
Conventional biological wastewater treatment
system, 440
Conventional physicochemical wastewater
treatment system, 440
Cooling, 436, 441, 458, 466, 471
Cooling ponds
costs, 199
design
balance of accuracy vs. facility, 207
basic design equations, 201
completely unmixed cooling pond, 209
dikes and baffles, 210
economics, 211
evaporation of water, 211
fogging, 211
geographic locations, 210
infiltration, 211
land formations, 200
local weather patterns, 200
longitudinal mixing, 206
net plant temperature rise, completely
mixed vs. unmixed pond, 209
once-through cooling ponds, 208
pond exit temperature, 206, 208
pond performance, 210
recirculating cooling pond, 201–204
recreation, 211
seasonal weather variations, 210
design chart, 205
design rule, 200
exit temperature, 204, 205
mechanism of heat dissipation, 199, 200
recirculating/once-through type, 198
slow process, 199
temperature, 198
Cooling range, 441
Cooling towers
advantages and disadvantages, 217
causes, poor performance
clogged spray nozzles, 222
correct tower, chosen, 223
632,000 KW coal-fired electric power
plant, 223
LD (see Legionnaire’s disease (LD))
poor airflow, 222
poor pump performance, 222
scale formation, 222
convection, 214
counter-flow natural draft, 214
cross-flow natural draft, 215
current research, 225
design requirements, 224
dry cooling towers, 214
forced draft, 217, 221
hybrid-induced draft towers, 220
hybrid types, draft cooling towers, 220
induced draft (mechanical) cross-flow,
218
induced draft towers, 214
induced draft type, 220, 221
industrial process, 211
mechanism of heat dissipation, 212
natural draft atmospheric, 214–216
natural draft towers, 214
natural draft, wet hyperbolic, 218, 219
as natural/mechanical draft, 199
ozone treatment, 218
size, cooling system, 212
in southern California, 220
Coordinate, 441
Coral bleaching, 441
Corrosivity, 441
Cross connection, 441
Crude vegetable oil, 328
Cryosphere, 441
Cuckoo bee (Epeolus compactus), 441
Cutter, 441
Cutter suction dredge (CSD), 461
Cytochrome, 83
Index
499
Contact beds, 114
Contact stabilization process, 102, 103,
439, 440
Contamination, 440
Conventional activated sludge process
applications, 100
biological sludge, 99
complete mix process, 101
contact stabilization process, 102, 103
design criteria, 104, 106, 107
design parameters, 104, 105
domestic wastewater, 99
extended aeration process, 101, 102
high-rate aeration, 108
Kraus process, 104
membrane bioreactor, 109, 110
MLSS, 99
modified aeration process, 105, 106
nitrogen removal
denitrification, 109
nitrification, 109
oxidation ditch, 108
quasi-plug flow mode, 99
sludge concentration vs. removable BOD,
104
step aeration process, 100, 101
step feed, 108
tapered aeration, 105
Conventional biological wastewater treatment
system, 440
Conventional physicochemical wastewater
treatment system, 440
Cooling, 436, 441, 458, 466, 471
Cooling ponds
costs, 199
design
balance of accuracy vs. facility, 207
basic design equations, 201
completely unmixed cooling pond, 209
dikes and baffles, 210
economics, 211
evaporation of water, 211
fogging, 211
geographic locations, 210
infiltration, 211
land formations, 200
local weather patterns, 200
longitudinal mixing, 206
net plant temperature rise, completely
mixed vs. unmixed pond, 209
once-through cooling ponds, 208
pond exit temperature, 206, 208
pond performance, 210
recirculating cooling pond, 201–204
recreation, 211
seasonal weather variations, 210
design chart, 205
design rule, 200
exit temperature, 204, 205
mechanism of heat dissipation, 199, 200
recirculating/once-through type, 198
slow process, 199
temperature, 198
Cooling range, 441
Cooling towers
advantages and disadvantages, 217
causes, poor performance
clogged spray nozzles, 222
correct tower, chosen, 223
632,000 KW coal-fired electric power
plant, 223
LD (see Legionnaire’s disease (LD))
poor airflow, 222
poor pump performance, 222
scale formation, 222
convection, 214
counter-flow natural draft, 214
cross-flow natural draft, 215
current research, 225
design requirements, 224
dry cooling towers, 214
forced draft, 217, 221
hybrid-induced draft towers, 220
hybrid types, draft cooling towers, 220
induced draft (mechanical) cross-flow,
218
induced draft towers, 214
induced draft type, 220, 221
industrial process, 211
mechanism of heat dissipation, 212
natural draft atmospheric, 214–216
natural draft towers, 214
natural draft, wet hyperbolic, 218, 219
as natural/mechanical draft, 199
ozone treatment, 218
size, cooling system, 212
in southern California, 220
Coordinate, 441
Coral bleaching, 441
Corrosivity, 441
Cross connection, 441
Crude vegetable oil, 328
Cryosphere, 441
Cuckoo bee (Epeolus compactus), 441
Cutter, 441
Cutter suction dredge (CSD), 461
Cytochrome, 83
Index
499