with some prior knowledge. Chemical and generic names are used, but not trade
names. For trade name information, one is referred to the Pesticide Handbook [5],
which is an annual publication containing information on trade names, generic
names, and the composition of commercial pesticide formulations. The series,
Advances in Pest Control Research [6], is an excellent reference on the fundamental
aspects of pest control.
Federal regulations also require US Department of Agriculture registration of any
pesticide shipped in interstate commerce. The Department of Health and Human
Services has established tolerance levels for residues resulting from pesticide treatment of agricultural products. Pesticides added to processed foods are considered
additives and are subject to regulations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA).
For any pesticide, one must check federal, state, and local regulations regarding
its use in chemical poisoning programs. The chemical examples that are given in this
chapter do not imply that current usage is permitted. This would be dangerous, since
the listing of chemicals that can be used in vector and pest control is changing
rapidly as new information becomes available.
When considering global usage of pesticide poisons in international developing
world settings, the market readiness of pesticides is far more fragile than in the
United State. Given limited literacy and numeracy in structurally remote and
impoverished regions in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia, the human capacity
to safely and effectively utilize pesticides is more tenuous. It is also important to note
that registration and oversight of pesticides is far less controlled by national and local
municipal governments than in developed nations, like the United States. As such,
assurances that in the United States one can largely take for granted, like the quality
of the chemicals purchased in formal markets cannot be assured. This uncertainty in
pesticide performance results in even greater challenges to poor farmers who are
planting crops on heavily degraded landscapes that are subject to repeated shocks
like floods and droughts. It is not unheard of for pesticides with high aquatic
toxicities to be applied in, for example, Ramsar protected wetlands in Africa. As
such, the application of pesticides by farmers near the wetland could undermine the
livelihoods of fishermen, which supply nutrient-rich proteins to larger portions of the
lesser developed world.
The chemical insecticides can be most conveniently classified into organic and
inorganic types, where an illustrative, but not exhaustive, list is provided below.
Some of these have been widely used in the past but are currently only used with
narrow usage restrictions.
1. Organic chemical pesticides
(a) Chlorinated hydrocarbons such as DDT, lindane, methoxychlor, and dieldrin
(b) Organophosphorus insecticides such as parathion, malathion, diazinon, and
glyphosate
(c) Carbamate insecticides such as carbaryl and propoxur
(d) Neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid
(e) Synthetic pyrethroids, like the permethrins
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L. S. Clesceri and E. J. Clesceri
names. For trade name information, one is referred to the Pesticide Handbook [5],
which is an annual publication containing information on trade names, generic
names, and the composition of commercial pesticide formulations. The series,
Advances in Pest Control Research [6], is an excellent reference on the fundamental
aspects of pest control.
Federal regulations also require US Department of Agriculture registration of any
pesticide shipped in interstate commerce. The Department of Health and Human
Services has established tolerance levels for residues resulting from pesticide treatment of agricultural products. Pesticides added to processed foods are considered
additives and are subject to regulations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA).
For any pesticide, one must check federal, state, and local regulations regarding
its use in chemical poisoning programs. The chemical examples that are given in this
chapter do not imply that current usage is permitted. This would be dangerous, since
the listing of chemicals that can be used in vector and pest control is changing
rapidly as new information becomes available.
When considering global usage of pesticide poisons in international developing
world settings, the market readiness of pesticides is far more fragile than in the
United State. Given limited literacy and numeracy in structurally remote and
impoverished regions in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia, the human capacity
to safely and effectively utilize pesticides is more tenuous. It is also important to note
that registration and oversight of pesticides is far less controlled by national and local
municipal governments than in developed nations, like the United States. As such,
assurances that in the United States one can largely take for granted, like the quality
of the chemicals purchased in formal markets cannot be assured. This uncertainty in
pesticide performance results in even greater challenges to poor farmers who are
planting crops on heavily degraded landscapes that are subject to repeated shocks
like floods and droughts. It is not unheard of for pesticides with high aquatic
toxicities to be applied in, for example, Ramsar protected wetlands in Africa. As
such, the application of pesticides by farmers near the wetland could undermine the
livelihoods of fishermen, which supply nutrient-rich proteins to larger portions of the
lesser developed world.
The chemical insecticides can be most conveniently classified into organic and
inorganic types, where an illustrative, but not exhaustive, list is provided below.
Some of these have been widely used in the past but are currently only used with
narrow usage restrictions.
1. Organic chemical pesticides
(a) Chlorinated hydrocarbons such as DDT, lindane, methoxychlor, and dieldrin
(b) Organophosphorus insecticides such as parathion, malathion, diazinon, and
glyphosate
(c) Carbamate insecticides such as carbaryl and propoxur
(d) Neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid
(e) Synthetic pyrethroids, like the permethrins
394
L. S. Clesceri and E. J. Clesceri