Induced air flotation (IAF) It is one of the induced gas flotation processes in which
the gas is air.
Refinery A refinery is a production facility composed of a group of chemical
engineering unit processes and unit operations refining certain materials or
converting raw material into products of value.
Refining waste A refining waste or refinery waste is the waste or wastewater from a
refinery.
Vacuum flotation In vacuum flotation, the influent process water to be treated is
usually almost saturated with air at atmospheric pressure. There is an air-tight
enclosure on the top of the flotation chamber in which partial vacuum is
maintained. The fine air bubbles (20–80 microns) are generated under laminar
hydraulic flow conditions by applying a vacuum (negative pressure) to the
flotation chamber. The theory is that the lower the pressure, the lower the air
solubility in water. The soluble air originally in water is partially released out of
solution as extremely fine bubbles due to a reduction in air solubility caused by
negative vacuum pressure. The bubbles and the attached solid particles rise to the
water surface to form a scum blanket, which can be removed by a continuous
scooping or skimming mechanism. Grit and other heavy solids that settle to the
bottom are raked to a central sludge sump for removal. Auxiliary equipment
includes an aeration tank for saturating the water or wastewater with air, vacuum
pumps, and sludge pumps.
References
1. Bucas G, Saliot A (2002) Sea transport of animal and vegetable oils and its environmental
consequences. Mar Pollut Bull 44(12):1388–1396
2. Bennion M (1995) Introductory foods, 10th edn. Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River
3. U.S. EPA (2001) Economic impact analysis for the proposed vegetable oil processing
NESHAP. Report #452/R-01-005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park
4. U.S. EPA (1976) Treatment of effluent waters from vegetable oil refining. Report # 600/2-76294. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati
5. Patwardhan AD (2008) Industrial waste water treatment. PHI Learning, New Delhi
6. Pandey RA, Sanyal PB, Chattopadhyay N, Kaul SN (2003) Treatment and reuse of wastes of a
vegetable oil refinery. Res Conserv Recycl 37:101–117
7. Wiedermann LH (1981) Degumming, refining and bleaching soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc
58:159–165
8. O’Brien RD (1998) Fats and oils. Formulating and processing applications. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster
9. Wolf H, Hamilton R (2000) Edible oil processing. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, pp
1–275
10. Ceriani R, Meirelles AJA (2006) Simulation of continuous physical refiners for edible oil
deacidification. J Food Eng 76:261–271
11. European Commission (2006) Integrated pollution prevention and control. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques Food, Drink and Milk Industries Full text is at: http://
eippcb.jrc.es/reference/fdm.html (Visited in 2013)
8 Vegetable Oil Refining Wastes
371
the gas is air.
Refinery A refinery is a production facility composed of a group of chemical
engineering unit processes and unit operations refining certain materials or
converting raw material into products of value.
Refining waste A refining waste or refinery waste is the waste or wastewater from a
refinery.
Vacuum flotation In vacuum flotation, the influent process water to be treated is
usually almost saturated with air at atmospheric pressure. There is an air-tight
enclosure on the top of the flotation chamber in which partial vacuum is
maintained. The fine air bubbles (20–80 microns) are generated under laminar
hydraulic flow conditions by applying a vacuum (negative pressure) to the
flotation chamber. The theory is that the lower the pressure, the lower the air
solubility in water. The soluble air originally in water is partially released out of
solution as extremely fine bubbles due to a reduction in air solubility caused by
negative vacuum pressure. The bubbles and the attached solid particles rise to the
water surface to form a scum blanket, which can be removed by a continuous
scooping or skimming mechanism. Grit and other heavy solids that settle to the
bottom are raked to a central sludge sump for removal. Auxiliary equipment
includes an aeration tank for saturating the water or wastewater with air, vacuum
pumps, and sludge pumps.
References
1. Bucas G, Saliot A (2002) Sea transport of animal and vegetable oils and its environmental
consequences. Mar Pollut Bull 44(12):1388–1396
2. Bennion M (1995) Introductory foods, 10th edn. Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River
3. U.S. EPA (2001) Economic impact analysis for the proposed vegetable oil processing
NESHAP. Report #452/R-01-005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park
4. U.S. EPA (1976) Treatment of effluent waters from vegetable oil refining. Report # 600/2-76294. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati
5. Patwardhan AD (2008) Industrial waste water treatment. PHI Learning, New Delhi
6. Pandey RA, Sanyal PB, Chattopadhyay N, Kaul SN (2003) Treatment and reuse of wastes of a
vegetable oil refinery. Res Conserv Recycl 37:101–117
7. Wiedermann LH (1981) Degumming, refining and bleaching soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc
58:159–165
8. O’Brien RD (1998) Fats and oils. Formulating and processing applications. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster
9. Wolf H, Hamilton R (2000) Edible oil processing. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, pp
1–275
10. Ceriani R, Meirelles AJA (2006) Simulation of continuous physical refiners for edible oil
deacidification. J Food Eng 76:261–271
11. European Commission (2006) Integrated pollution prevention and control. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques Food, Drink and Milk Industries Full text is at: http://
eippcb.jrc.es/reference/fdm.html (Visited in 2013)
8 Vegetable Oil Refining Wastes
371