exhausts of the audited mills are very high. Therefore, its long-term impacts cannot
be ignored.
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is generated in large quantities during natural gas cracking
in edible oil mills. In some mills this is collected and sold to beverage industry, while
in others this gas is exhausted into the atmosphere. According to laboratory results of
gas cracking plant exhaust, the concentration of CO 2 in the exhaust is about
500 times of its concentration in clean air. CO 2 is a greenhouse gas and its higher
concentration in the atmosphere is responsible for global warming
Particulate matter covering a large variety of particles varies in size and chemical
composition. It has adverse effects on human respiratory system. It lowers the
aesthetic value of a place as well as general visibility at high concentrations. The
general corrosion reactions on building materials, due to the presence of NO x and
SO x in the air, may also get catalyzed due to the presence of particulate matter [16].
4 Case Study
In this study, a vegetable oil factory (Kirlangic Oil Factory) was selected as
representative of this sector and its effluent was investigated. The production
capacity of Kirlangic Oil Factory Yarımca Facilities, Kocaeli, Turkey, is 40,000
tons/year for sunflower-corn oil and 15,000 tons/year for olive oil. Also, fatty acids
are produced as a by-product at about 3,000 tons/year. Sunflower, corn, and olive oil
undergo the full refining process, except the winterization process. Hydrogenation
process is not applied.
4.1 Solid Wastes
Solid wastes are bleaching earth used in the bleaching process (bentonite, Tonsil,
diatoms, etc.), perlite used in winterization process produced during the refining of
crude oil, chemical and biological wastewater treatment plant sludge, scrap arising
during the production of PVC plastics, tins, and paper and cardboard wastes.
Bleaching earth is used at the refining process by 1–2%. Bleaching earth includes
color, glue, iron, nickel, and oxidized compounds [80]. According to the analysis
carried out in 2002, the amounts of bleaching earth used during the processing of
corn, sunflower, olive, and soybean oil were reported as 26,208 tons/year, 26,732
tons/year, 1,399 tons/year, and 1,842 tons/year, respectively. According to the same
year data, the amount of oil found in bleaching earth was 14%. These results
indicated that the amount of oil in the bleaching earth was at recoverable levels;
hence, bleaching earth has been sold to the second-quality oil-producing
companies [80].
Perlite is used in the factory during winterization. Perlite contains triglycerides in
general. Also, perlite contains silicon oxide and sodium oxide due to its chemical
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D. Kaya and Y.-T. Hung
be ignored.
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is generated in large quantities during natural gas cracking
in edible oil mills. In some mills this is collected and sold to beverage industry, while
in others this gas is exhausted into the atmosphere. According to laboratory results of
gas cracking plant exhaust, the concentration of CO 2 in the exhaust is about
500 times of its concentration in clean air. CO 2 is a greenhouse gas and its higher
concentration in the atmosphere is responsible for global warming
Particulate matter covering a large variety of particles varies in size and chemical
composition. It has adverse effects on human respiratory system. It lowers the
aesthetic value of a place as well as general visibility at high concentrations. The
general corrosion reactions on building materials, due to the presence of NO x and
SO x in the air, may also get catalyzed due to the presence of particulate matter [16].
4 Case Study
In this study, a vegetable oil factory (Kirlangic Oil Factory) was selected as
representative of this sector and its effluent was investigated. The production
capacity of Kirlangic Oil Factory Yarımca Facilities, Kocaeli, Turkey, is 40,000
tons/year for sunflower-corn oil and 15,000 tons/year for olive oil. Also, fatty acids
are produced as a by-product at about 3,000 tons/year. Sunflower, corn, and olive oil
undergo the full refining process, except the winterization process. Hydrogenation
process is not applied.
4.1 Solid Wastes
Solid wastes are bleaching earth used in the bleaching process (bentonite, Tonsil,
diatoms, etc.), perlite used in winterization process produced during the refining of
crude oil, chemical and biological wastewater treatment plant sludge, scrap arising
during the production of PVC plastics, tins, and paper and cardboard wastes.
Bleaching earth is used at the refining process by 1–2%. Bleaching earth includes
color, glue, iron, nickel, and oxidized compounds [80]. According to the analysis
carried out in 2002, the amounts of bleaching earth used during the processing of
corn, sunflower, olive, and soybean oil were reported as 26,208 tons/year, 26,732
tons/year, 1,399 tons/year, and 1,842 tons/year, respectively. According to the same
year data, the amount of oil found in bleaching earth was 14%. These results
indicated that the amount of oil in the bleaching earth was at recoverable levels;
hence, bleaching earth has been sold to the second-quality oil-producing
companies [80].
Perlite is used in the factory during winterization. Perlite contains triglycerides in
general. Also, perlite contains silicon oxide and sodium oxide due to its chemical
358
D. Kaya and Y.-T. Hung