long-chain oil. After dewatering processes of this sludge, they can be stored in
aboveground storage areas/landfills [80].
The following options can be applied to prevent and control solid wastes and
by-products:
(a) Waste kernels should be collected for fuel for steam and power generation at
refineries. The waste kernel cannot be incinerated by typical crude oil mills
since, unlike refineries, their boilers are not designed to handle the high silica
content of the kernel.
(b) Uncontaminated sludge and effluent from on-site wastewater treatment should
be used as fertilizer for agricultural purposes.
(c) Contaminated sludge from wastewater treatment should be properly disposed at
a sanitary landfill or by incineration. Incineration should only be applied in
legalized facilities operating under international recognized standards for pollution prevention and control.
(d) Production processes should be carefully designed and controlled to reduce
product losses; for example, air humidity should be monitored and adjusted to
prevent product losses caused by the formation of molds on edible materials.
(e) Autoclave condensate should be recycled to remove vegetable oil.
(f) Spent bleaching earth can be disposed of as follows:
• A feedstock for brick, block, and cement manufacturing, and also as fertilizer,
if not contaminated with heavy metals such as nickel, pesticide residues, and
other contaminants.
• After anaerobic digestion they can be spread on land.
• If contaminated, they should be handled according to the waste management
guidance.
(g) Distillates (e.g., free fatty acids and volatile organic compounds), depending on
the level of pollutants (pesticides and/or residues) can be used as follows:
• Animal feed if uncontaminated
• A feedstock for chemical industry processes (e.g. antioxidants)
• Fuel for energy production
(h) The nickel catalyst from hydrogenation should be either:
• Recycled and recovered for reuse as a nickel catalyst or as nickel metal, salt, or
other uses
• Stored and disposed of according to the waste management guidance
3.5 Emissions to Air
Particulate matter (dust) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the main
emissions from vegetable oil processing. Dust results from the processing of raw
materials, including cleaning, screening, and crushing, whereas VOC emissions are
8 Vegetable Oil Refining Wastes
355
aboveground storage areas/landfills [80].
The following options can be applied to prevent and control solid wastes and
by-products:
(a) Waste kernels should be collected for fuel for steam and power generation at
refineries. The waste kernel cannot be incinerated by typical crude oil mills
since, unlike refineries, their boilers are not designed to handle the high silica
content of the kernel.
(b) Uncontaminated sludge and effluent from on-site wastewater treatment should
be used as fertilizer for agricultural purposes.
(c) Contaminated sludge from wastewater treatment should be properly disposed at
a sanitary landfill or by incineration. Incineration should only be applied in
legalized facilities operating under international recognized standards for pollution prevention and control.
(d) Production processes should be carefully designed and controlled to reduce
product losses; for example, air humidity should be monitored and adjusted to
prevent product losses caused by the formation of molds on edible materials.
(e) Autoclave condensate should be recycled to remove vegetable oil.
(f) Spent bleaching earth can be disposed of as follows:
• A feedstock for brick, block, and cement manufacturing, and also as fertilizer,
if not contaminated with heavy metals such as nickel, pesticide residues, and
other contaminants.
• After anaerobic digestion they can be spread on land.
• If contaminated, they should be handled according to the waste management
guidance.
(g) Distillates (e.g., free fatty acids and volatile organic compounds), depending on
the level of pollutants (pesticides and/or residues) can be used as follows:
• Animal feed if uncontaminated
• A feedstock for chemical industry processes (e.g. antioxidants)
• Fuel for energy production
(h) The nickel catalyst from hydrogenation should be either:
• Recycled and recovered for reuse as a nickel catalyst or as nickel metal, salt, or
other uses
• Stored and disposed of according to the waste management guidance
3.5 Emissions to Air
Particulate matter (dust) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the main
emissions from vegetable oil processing. Dust results from the processing of raw
materials, including cleaning, screening, and crushing, whereas VOC emissions are
8 Vegetable Oil Refining Wastes
355