174
4 Complicating Factors
Fermi, E.: Nuclear Physics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1950)
Fermi, E.: Experimental production of a divergent chain reaction. Am. J. Phys. 20, 536–558 (1952)
Hewlett, R.G., Anderson Jr., O.E.: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Vol.
1: The New World, 1939/1946. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA (1962)
Hoddeson, L., Henriksen, P.W., Meade, R.A., Westfall, C.: Critical Assembly: A Technical
History of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK (1993)
Holden, N.E., Hoffman, D.C.: Spontaneous fission half-lives for ground-state nuclides. Pure Appl.
Chem. 72(8), 1525–1562 (2000)
Hull, M., Bianco, A.: Rider of the Pale Horse: A Memoir of Los Alamos and Beyond. University
of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (2005)
Hyde, E.K.: The Nuclear Properties of the Heavy Elements III. Fission Phenomena, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs (1964)
Jones, V.C.: United States Army in World War II: Special Studies-Manhattan: The Army and the
Atomic Bomb. Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington (1988)
Manhattan Engineer District: Considerable detail on the design and operation of the X-10 pile can
be found at https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan_district. See especially, vol. 2, Part II, Book
IV
Mark, J.C., von Hippel, F., Lyman, E.: Explosive properties of reactor-grade plutonium. Sci. Global
Secur. 17(2–3), 170–185 (2009)
Oppenheimer, J.R.: Oppenheimer’s June 18, 1943, letter to Groves can be found in National Archives
and Records Administration, Bush-Conant File Relating to the Development of the Atomic Bomb,
1940–1945, Records Group 227. The microfilm publication number is M1392, and the letter
appears on Roll 9. The files can be purchased from the NARA on DVD; on the Roll 9 disk
acquired by this author, the letter comprises images 992 and 993.
Reed, B.C.: Predetonation probability of a fission-bomb core. Am. J. Phys. 78(8), 804–808 (2010)
Reed, B.C.: Fission fizzles: estimating the yield of a predetonated nuclear weapon. Am. J. Phys.
79(7), 769–773 (2011)
Reed, B.C.: Rousing the dragon: polonium production for neutron generators in the Manhattan
Project. Am. J. Phys. 87(5), 377–383 (2019)
Reed, B.C.: Walther Bothe’s graphite: physics, impurities, and blame in the German nuclear
program. Ann. Phys. (Berlin) (2020)
Serber, R.: The Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How To Build An Atomic Bomb.
University of California Press, Berkeley (1992)
Smyth, H.D.: Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: The Official Report on the Development of
the Atomic Bomb under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940–1945. Princeton
University Press, Princeton (1945)
Sopka, K.R., Sopka, E.M.: The bonebrake theological seminary: top-secret Manhattan Project site.
Phys. Perspect. 12(3), 338–349 (2010)
Sublette, C.: Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions. https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/
Nwfaq/Nfaq8.html (2007)
Thomas, L.C.: Polonium in the Playhouse: The Manhattan Project’s Secret Chemistry Work in
Dayton, Ohio. Trillium, Columbus, OH (2017)
West, D., Sherwood, A.C.: Measurements of thick target (α, n) yields from light elements. Ann.
Nucl. Energy 9, 551–577 (1982)
4 Complicating Factors
Fermi, E.: Nuclear Physics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1950)
Fermi, E.: Experimental production of a divergent chain reaction. Am. J. Phys. 20, 536–558 (1952)
Hewlett, R.G., Anderson Jr., O.E.: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Vol.
1: The New World, 1939/1946. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA (1962)
Hoddeson, L., Henriksen, P.W., Meade, R.A., Westfall, C.: Critical Assembly: A Technical
History of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK (1993)
Holden, N.E., Hoffman, D.C.: Spontaneous fission half-lives for ground-state nuclides. Pure Appl.
Chem. 72(8), 1525–1562 (2000)
Hull, M., Bianco, A.: Rider of the Pale Horse: A Memoir of Los Alamos and Beyond. University
of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (2005)
Hyde, E.K.: The Nuclear Properties of the Heavy Elements III. Fission Phenomena, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs (1964)
Jones, V.C.: United States Army in World War II: Special Studies-Manhattan: The Army and the
Atomic Bomb. Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington (1988)
Manhattan Engineer District: Considerable detail on the design and operation of the X-10 pile can
be found at https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan_district. See especially, vol. 2, Part II, Book
IV
Mark, J.C., von Hippel, F., Lyman, E.: Explosive properties of reactor-grade plutonium. Sci. Global
Secur. 17(2–3), 170–185 (2009)
Oppenheimer, J.R.: Oppenheimer’s June 18, 1943, letter to Groves can be found in National Archives
and Records Administration, Bush-Conant File Relating to the Development of the Atomic Bomb,
1940–1945, Records Group 227. The microfilm publication number is M1392, and the letter
appears on Roll 9. The files can be purchased from the NARA on DVD; on the Roll 9 disk
acquired by this author, the letter comprises images 992 and 993.
Reed, B.C.: Predetonation probability of a fission-bomb core. Am. J. Phys. 78(8), 804–808 (2010)
Reed, B.C.: Fission fizzles: estimating the yield of a predetonated nuclear weapon. Am. J. Phys.
79(7), 769–773 (2011)
Reed, B.C.: Rousing the dragon: polonium production for neutron generators in the Manhattan
Project. Am. J. Phys. 87(5), 377–383 (2019)
Reed, B.C.: Walther Bothe’s graphite: physics, impurities, and blame in the German nuclear
program. Ann. Phys. (Berlin) (2020)
Serber, R.: The Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How To Build An Atomic Bomb.
University of California Press, Berkeley (1992)
Smyth, H.D.: Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: The Official Report on the Development of
the Atomic Bomb under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940–1945. Princeton
University Press, Princeton (1945)
Sopka, K.R., Sopka, E.M.: The bonebrake theological seminary: top-secret Manhattan Project site.
Phys. Perspect. 12(3), 338–349 (2010)
Sublette, C.: Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions. https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/
Nwfaq/Nfaq8.html (2007)
Thomas, L.C.: Polonium in the Playhouse: The Manhattan Project’s Secret Chemistry Work in
Dayton, Ohio. Trillium, Columbus, OH (2017)
West, D., Sherwood, A.C.: Measurements of thick target (α, n) yields from light elements. Ann.
Nucl. Energy 9, 551–577 (1982)