23. Fernández-Alvarez FJ, Aitani AM, Oro LA (2014) Homogeneous catalytic reduction of CO 2
with Hydrosilanes. Cat Sci Technol 4:611–624
24. Chauvier C, Cantat T (2017) A viewpoint on chemical reductions of carbon-oxygen bonds in
renewable feedstocks including CO 2 and biomass. ACS Catal 7:2107–2115
25. Chen J, McGraw M, Chen EY-X (2019) Diverse catalytic systems and mechanistic pathways
for hydrosilylative reduction of CO 2 . ChemSusChem 12:4543–4569
26. Fernández-Alvarez FJ, Iglesias M, Oro LA, Polo V (2013) CO 2 activation and catalysis driven
by iridium complexes. ChemCatChem 5:3481–3494
27. Iglesias M, Oro LA (2018) A leap forward in iridium-NHC catalysis: new horizons and
mechanistic insights. Chem Soc Rev 47:2772–2808
28. Gunaseker GH, Park K, Jung K-D, Yoon S (2016) Recent development in the catalytic
hydrogenation of CO 2 to formic acid/formate using heterogeneous catalysts. Inorg Chem
Front 3:882–895
29. Jessop PG, Ikariya T, Noyori R (1995) Homogeneous hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Chem
Rev 95:259–272
30. Inoue Y, Izumida H, Sasaki Y, Hashimoto H (1976) Catalytic fixation of carbon dioxide to
formic acid by transition-metal complexes under mild conditions. Chem Lett 5:863–864
31. Graf E, Leitner W (1992) Direct formation of formic acid from carbon dioxide and dihydrogen
using the [{Rh(cod)Cl} 2 ]-Ph 2 P(CH 2 ) 4 PPh 2 catalyst system. J Chem Soc Chem
Commun:623–624
32. Gassner F, Leitner W (1993) Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid using watersoluble rhodium catalysts. J Chem Soc Chem Commun:1465–1466
33. Jessop PG, Ikariya T, Noyori R (1994) Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of supercritical
carbon dioxide. Nature 368:231–233
34. Jessop PG, Hsiao Y, Ikariya T, Noyori R (1996) Homogeneous catalysis in supercritical fluids:
hydrogenation of supercritical carbon dioxide to formic acid, alkyl formates, and formamides.
J Am Chem Soc 118:344–355
35. Joó F, Laurenczy G, Nádasdi L, Elek J (1999) Homogeneous hydrogenation of aqueous
hydrogen carbonate to Formate under exceedingly mild conditions – a novel possibility of
carbon dioxide activation. Chem Commun:971–972
36. Munshi P, Main AD, Linehan JC, Tai C-C, Jessop PG (2002) Hydrogenation of carbon
dioxide catalyzed by ruthenium trimethylphosphine complexes: the accelerating effect of
certain alcohols and amines. J Am Chem Soc 124:7963–7971
37. Himeda Y (2007) Conversion of CO 2 into formate by homogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation in water: tuning catalytic activity and water solubility through the acid-base equilibrium of
the ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem:3927–3941
38. Himeda Y, Onozawa-Komatsuzaki N, Sugihara H, Kasuga K (2007) Simultaneous tuning of
activity and water solubility of complex catalysts by acid-base equilibrium of ligands for
conversion of carbon dioxide. Organometallics 26:702–712
39. Kanega R, Onishi N, Szalda DJ, Ertem MZ, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Himeda Y (2017) CO 2
hydrogenation catalysts with deprotonated picolinamide ligands. ACS Catal 7:6426–6429
40. Kanega R, Onishi N, Wang L, Murata K, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Himeda Y (2018)
Picolinamide-based iridium catalysts for dehydrogenation of formic acid in water: effect of
amide N substituent on activity and stability. Chem A Eur J 24:18389–18392
41. Suna Y, Himeda Y, Fujita E, Muckerman JT, Ertem MZ (2017) Iridium complexes with
proton-responsive azole-type ligands as effective catalysts for CO 2 hydrogenation.
ChemSusChem 10:4535–4543
42. Onishi N, Kanega R, Fujita E, Himeda Y (2019) Carbon dioxide hydrogenation and formic
acid dehydrogenation catalyzed by iridium complexes bearing pyridyl-pyrazole ligands: effect
of an electron-donating substituent on the pyrazole ring on the catalytic activity and durability.
Adv Synth Catal 361:289–296
320
F. J. Fernández-Alvarez and L. A. Oro
with Hydrosilanes. Cat Sci Technol 4:611–624
24. Chauvier C, Cantat T (2017) A viewpoint on chemical reductions of carbon-oxygen bonds in
renewable feedstocks including CO 2 and biomass. ACS Catal 7:2107–2115
25. Chen J, McGraw M, Chen EY-X (2019) Diverse catalytic systems and mechanistic pathways
for hydrosilylative reduction of CO 2 . ChemSusChem 12:4543–4569
26. Fernández-Alvarez FJ, Iglesias M, Oro LA, Polo V (2013) CO 2 activation and catalysis driven
by iridium complexes. ChemCatChem 5:3481–3494
27. Iglesias M, Oro LA (2018) A leap forward in iridium-NHC catalysis: new horizons and
mechanistic insights. Chem Soc Rev 47:2772–2808
28. Gunaseker GH, Park K, Jung K-D, Yoon S (2016) Recent development in the catalytic
hydrogenation of CO 2 to formic acid/formate using heterogeneous catalysts. Inorg Chem
Front 3:882–895
29. Jessop PG, Ikariya T, Noyori R (1995) Homogeneous hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Chem
Rev 95:259–272
30. Inoue Y, Izumida H, Sasaki Y, Hashimoto H (1976) Catalytic fixation of carbon dioxide to
formic acid by transition-metal complexes under mild conditions. Chem Lett 5:863–864
31. Graf E, Leitner W (1992) Direct formation of formic acid from carbon dioxide and dihydrogen
using the [{Rh(cod)Cl} 2 ]-Ph 2 P(CH 2 ) 4 PPh 2 catalyst system. J Chem Soc Chem
Commun:623–624
32. Gassner F, Leitner W (1993) Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid using watersoluble rhodium catalysts. J Chem Soc Chem Commun:1465–1466
33. Jessop PG, Ikariya T, Noyori R (1994) Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of supercritical
carbon dioxide. Nature 368:231–233
34. Jessop PG, Hsiao Y, Ikariya T, Noyori R (1996) Homogeneous catalysis in supercritical fluids:
hydrogenation of supercritical carbon dioxide to formic acid, alkyl formates, and formamides.
J Am Chem Soc 118:344–355
35. Joó F, Laurenczy G, Nádasdi L, Elek J (1999) Homogeneous hydrogenation of aqueous
hydrogen carbonate to Formate under exceedingly mild conditions – a novel possibility of
carbon dioxide activation. Chem Commun:971–972
36. Munshi P, Main AD, Linehan JC, Tai C-C, Jessop PG (2002) Hydrogenation of carbon
dioxide catalyzed by ruthenium trimethylphosphine complexes: the accelerating effect of
certain alcohols and amines. J Am Chem Soc 124:7963–7971
37. Himeda Y (2007) Conversion of CO 2 into formate by homogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation in water: tuning catalytic activity and water solubility through the acid-base equilibrium of
the ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem:3927–3941
38. Himeda Y, Onozawa-Komatsuzaki N, Sugihara H, Kasuga K (2007) Simultaneous tuning of
activity and water solubility of complex catalysts by acid-base equilibrium of ligands for
conversion of carbon dioxide. Organometallics 26:702–712
39. Kanega R, Onishi N, Szalda DJ, Ertem MZ, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Himeda Y (2017) CO 2
hydrogenation catalysts with deprotonated picolinamide ligands. ACS Catal 7:6426–6429
40. Kanega R, Onishi N, Wang L, Murata K, Muckerman JT, Fujita E, Himeda Y (2018)
Picolinamide-based iridium catalysts for dehydrogenation of formic acid in water: effect of
amide N substituent on activity and stability. Chem A Eur J 24:18389–18392
41. Suna Y, Himeda Y, Fujita E, Muckerman JT, Ertem MZ (2017) Iridium complexes with
proton-responsive azole-type ligands as effective catalysts for CO 2 hydrogenation.
ChemSusChem 10:4535–4543
42. Onishi N, Kanega R, Fujita E, Himeda Y (2019) Carbon dioxide hydrogenation and formic
acid dehydrogenation catalyzed by iridium complexes bearing pyridyl-pyrazole ligands: effect
of an electron-donating substituent on the pyrazole ring on the catalytic activity and durability.
Adv Synth Catal 361:289–296
320
F. J. Fernández-Alvarez and L. A. Oro