anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant activities (Henry
et al. 2002; Oskoueian et al. 2011b; Namuli et al. 2011; Hendra et al. 2011).
Cottonseed oil has reported to possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
due to the presence of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids also (Henry et al.
2002). Oskoueian et al. (2011a) reported higher antioxidant activity of CSM due to
presence of flavonoid compounds, compared to rapeseed meal. Rutin, naringenin,
and kaempferol were the major flavonoids present in CSM. These flavonoids possess
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-hypertensive
effects (Xiao et al. 2011). The flavonoid compounds present in CSM can react
with the reactive sites of xanthine oxidase resulting in its inhibition (Oskoueian
et al. 2011a; Umamaheswari et al. 2009).
Gossypol, the major antinutrient component of cottonseed, has been shown to
exhibit anti-cancer activities against breast, colon, pancreatic, and prostate cancer
(Zhong et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2002; Chien et al. 2012; Yuan et al. 2013; Thakur et al.
2012; Pang et al. 2011; Huang et al. 2009). The gossypol inhibits DNA synthesis by
suppressing expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL cells of breast cancer cells (Hu et al.
1993; Li et al. 2011) and Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 cells of pancreatic cancer cells (Banerjee
et al. 2010). Gossypol has also been reported to show anti-obesity (Zhong et al.
2013; Zhong et al. 2010), anti-inflammatory (Huo et al. 2013; Oskoueian et al.
2011a; b), anti-fungal (Mellon et al. 2012; Puckhaber et al. 2002), and antidepressant
activity (Zhang et al. 2001). Cao et al. (2018) isolated the bioactive components form
the kernels and coat extracts of glanded and glandless cottonseeds in ethanol for
determining the anti-cancer activity in terms of mitochondrial activity of pancreatic
and breast cancer cells. As per their findings, both anti-cancer and pro-cancer
compounds were present in cottonseeds. Anti-cancer bioactive components were
present in cottonseed kernel extract, while the pro-cancer components were present
in coat extract of glanded cottonseed.
3.6 Health Attributes
Cottonseed oil contains about 50% essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
especially linoleic acid, which is required in human diet as it is not synthesized in
the human body. Cottonseed oil is considered as “heart oil” and one of the few oil
types which are in the ok food list of American Heart Association (AHA). Furthermore, the estimated glycemic index of cottonseed oil is zero (Sekhar and Rao 2011).
Cottonseed oil is high in vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), which is an antioxidant.
Antioxidants present in cottonseed oil work against the free radicals that cause cell
damage, aging and plays an important role in cell metabolism. This important
vitamin may also help to protect against certain diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease (Frey 2018; Sekhar and Rao
2011). Contrary to the other vegetable oils such as flaxseed, chia seed, and canola, it
has low amounts of heart-healthy omega-3 and monounsaturated fatty acids. Regular
80
M. K. Sihag et al.
et al. 2002; Oskoueian et al. 2011b; Namuli et al. 2011; Hendra et al. 2011).
Cottonseed oil has reported to possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
due to the presence of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids also (Henry et al.
2002). Oskoueian et al. (2011a) reported higher antioxidant activity of CSM due to
presence of flavonoid compounds, compared to rapeseed meal. Rutin, naringenin,
and kaempferol were the major flavonoids present in CSM. These flavonoids possess
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-hypertensive
effects (Xiao et al. 2011). The flavonoid compounds present in CSM can react
with the reactive sites of xanthine oxidase resulting in its inhibition (Oskoueian
et al. 2011a; Umamaheswari et al. 2009).
Gossypol, the major antinutrient component of cottonseed, has been shown to
exhibit anti-cancer activities against breast, colon, pancreatic, and prostate cancer
(Zhong et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2002; Chien et al. 2012; Yuan et al. 2013; Thakur et al.
2012; Pang et al. 2011; Huang et al. 2009). The gossypol inhibits DNA synthesis by
suppressing expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL cells of breast cancer cells (Hu et al.
1993; Li et al. 2011) and Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 cells of pancreatic cancer cells (Banerjee
et al. 2010). Gossypol has also been reported to show anti-obesity (Zhong et al.
2013; Zhong et al. 2010), anti-inflammatory (Huo et al. 2013; Oskoueian et al.
2011a; b), anti-fungal (Mellon et al. 2012; Puckhaber et al. 2002), and antidepressant
activity (Zhang et al. 2001). Cao et al. (2018) isolated the bioactive components form
the kernels and coat extracts of glanded and glandless cottonseeds in ethanol for
determining the anti-cancer activity in terms of mitochondrial activity of pancreatic
and breast cancer cells. As per their findings, both anti-cancer and pro-cancer
compounds were present in cottonseeds. Anti-cancer bioactive components were
present in cottonseed kernel extract, while the pro-cancer components were present
in coat extract of glanded cottonseed.
3.6 Health Attributes
Cottonseed oil contains about 50% essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
especially linoleic acid, which is required in human diet as it is not synthesized in
the human body. Cottonseed oil is considered as “heart oil” and one of the few oil
types which are in the ok food list of American Heart Association (AHA). Furthermore, the estimated glycemic index of cottonseed oil is zero (Sekhar and Rao 2011).
Cottonseed oil is high in vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), which is an antioxidant.
Antioxidants present in cottonseed oil work against the free radicals that cause cell
damage, aging and plays an important role in cell metabolism. This important
vitamin may also help to protect against certain diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease (Frey 2018; Sekhar and Rao
2011). Contrary to the other vegetable oils such as flaxseed, chia seed, and canola, it
has low amounts of heart-healthy omega-3 and monounsaturated fatty acids. Regular
80
M. K. Sihag et al.