3.3.3 Crude Fiber
Crude fiber content ranges from 25.00% to 26.20% in CSM (Zotte et al. 2013; Sahin
et al. 2006). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) are the
two parameters to judge digestibility of the plant material present in animal’s food.
Cellulose and lignin present in the plant material is termed as ADF, while NDF also
includes hemicellulose. Basically, ADF is used to calculate the energy derived from
the feed and could be used by the animal, while NDF is used to calculate the amount
of feed that can be hold by animal. As per the findings of Calhoun et al. (1995),
whole glanded cottonseed meal contains 38.8% ADF and 47.2% NDF on dry weight
basis. He et al. (2015) reported 5.47%, 11.58%, and 0.95% ADF, NDF, and acid
detergent lignin (ADL) content, respectively. Water-soluble fractions of the cottonseed meal contained no fiber component indicating their highly insoluble nature. The
water-insoluble fraction consisted of cellulose and hemicellulose fractions. In addition to these two fractions, other carbohydrates reported by He et al. (2015) were
galactose, arabinose, glucose, xylose, rhamnose, mannose, and fucose, representing
16.6% of the total carbohydrate content on dry weight basis. Out of these seven
carbohydrates, glucose and galactose are the main water-soluble components.
3.3.4 Minerals and Vitamins
Cottonseed meal is a rich source of minerals. Thirumalaisamy et al. (2015) have
reported that calcium (16%), phosphorus (0.75%), potassium (1.21%), magnesium
(0.35%), sodium (0.31%), and sulfur (0.26%) represent the major minerals in CSM,
while iron (120 mg/kg), zinc (61 mg/kg), copper (9.88 mg/kg), manganese
(58.30 mg/kg), aluminum, and boron represent the minor minerals. The ratio of
calcium (0.15–0.25%) and phosphorus (0.95–1.71%) content in CSM is 1:6
(Thirumalaisamy et al. 2015). Sulfur is present and derived from the two sulfurrich amino acids, viz., methionine and cysteine, while phosphorus may be present in
phytate form in association with seed proteins (Han 1988).
Much literature is not available on the vitamin content in cottonseed. However,
cottonseed oil is rich source of natural antioxidant tocopherol which possesses
vitamin E activity. As per the findings of Wassef et al. (2015), the cottonseed oil
contains 65 mg of tocopherol per 100 g oil.
3.4 Antinutrient Content
Cotton plants possess some pigment glands in stems, leaves, seeds, and flower buds.
Although these glands are distributed all over the cotton plant, their maximum
concentration is found in seed part. These glands are meant for secretion of a toxic
3 Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum)
7 7
Crude fiber content ranges from 25.00% to 26.20% in CSM (Zotte et al. 2013; Sahin
et al. 2006). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) are the
two parameters to judge digestibility of the plant material present in animal’s food.
Cellulose and lignin present in the plant material is termed as ADF, while NDF also
includes hemicellulose. Basically, ADF is used to calculate the energy derived from
the feed and could be used by the animal, while NDF is used to calculate the amount
of feed that can be hold by animal. As per the findings of Calhoun et al. (1995),
whole glanded cottonseed meal contains 38.8% ADF and 47.2% NDF on dry weight
basis. He et al. (2015) reported 5.47%, 11.58%, and 0.95% ADF, NDF, and acid
detergent lignin (ADL) content, respectively. Water-soluble fractions of the cottonseed meal contained no fiber component indicating their highly insoluble nature. The
water-insoluble fraction consisted of cellulose and hemicellulose fractions. In addition to these two fractions, other carbohydrates reported by He et al. (2015) were
galactose, arabinose, glucose, xylose, rhamnose, mannose, and fucose, representing
16.6% of the total carbohydrate content on dry weight basis. Out of these seven
carbohydrates, glucose and galactose are the main water-soluble components.
3.3.4 Minerals and Vitamins
Cottonseed meal is a rich source of minerals. Thirumalaisamy et al. (2015) have
reported that calcium (16%), phosphorus (0.75%), potassium (1.21%), magnesium
(0.35%), sodium (0.31%), and sulfur (0.26%) represent the major minerals in CSM,
while iron (120 mg/kg), zinc (61 mg/kg), copper (9.88 mg/kg), manganese
(58.30 mg/kg), aluminum, and boron represent the minor minerals. The ratio of
calcium (0.15–0.25%) and phosphorus (0.95–1.71%) content in CSM is 1:6
(Thirumalaisamy et al. 2015). Sulfur is present and derived from the two sulfurrich amino acids, viz., methionine and cysteine, while phosphorus may be present in
phytate form in association with seed proteins (Han 1988).
Much literature is not available on the vitamin content in cottonseed. However,
cottonseed oil is rich source of natural antioxidant tocopherol which possesses
vitamin E activity. As per the findings of Wassef et al. (2015), the cottonseed oil
contains 65 mg of tocopherol per 100 g oil.
3.4 Antinutrient Content
Cotton plants possess some pigment glands in stems, leaves, seeds, and flower buds.
Although these glands are distributed all over the cotton plant, their maximum
concentration is found in seed part. These glands are meant for secretion of a toxic
3 Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum)
7 7