phytosterols and other minor components is shown in Table 2.6. Phytosterols have
been reported to show cholesterol-lowering effects and improve oxidative stability
of oil during heating (Gertz and Kochhar 2001).
Siger et al. (2015) studied the effect of roasting of canola seeds followed by cold
extraction of oil and observed majorly brassicasterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and
avenasterol to the value 455.0 Æ 7.1, 1331.5 Æ 20.8, 1590.1 Æ 24.8, and
82.8 Æ 1.3 μg/g oil, respectively, in unroasted seed oil. Moreover, the authors did
not observe any significant effect ( p < 0.05) on the concentration of total as well as
individual phytosterol/s. In another study, Rekas et al. (2016) characterized the
chemical composition of cold-pressed oils extracted from different rapeseed varieties
and reported α-, γ-, δ-, and total tocopherols in the range of 21.3–26.8, 31.0–42.4,
0.1–1.3 and 56.4–65.1 mg/100 g, respectively. In the study, carotenoid pigments and
chlorophyll have also been reported in crude canola oil obtained from different
Table 2.5 Vitamin composition of canola meal
Vitamin
(mg/kg)
Canola meal
Soybean meal
Liang
(2000)
Canola Council of Canada
(2015)
National Research Council
(1994)
Vitamin E
14.00
13.00
4.47
Pantothenic
acid
9.50
9.30
15.00
Niacin
160.00
156.00
22.00
Choline
6700.00
6500.00
2700.00
Riboflavin
5.80
5.70
2.90
Biotin
1.10
0.96
0.32
Folic acid
2.30
0.80
1.30
Pyridoxine
7.20
7.00
5.00
Thiamin
5.20
5.10
3.20
Table 2.6 Concentration of minor components and phytonutrients in canola/rapeseed oil
Constituent
Canola oil
Soybean oil
Sunflower oil
Total phytosterols (mg/kg oil)
3459.40–6900.00
4600
4100
1. Brassicasterol (mg/kg oil)
455.00–986.70
Traces
Traces
2. Stigmasterol (mg/kg oil)
ND
772.80
319.80
3. Campesterol (mg/kg oil)
1331.50–1904.40
1191.40
266.50
4. β-Sitosterol (mg/kg oil)
1590.10–3608.00
2060.80
2300.00
5. Avenasterol
82.80–234.60
427.80
848.70
Total tocopherols (mg/100 g)
56.40–94.28
114.64
89.88
1. α-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)
19.70–42.21
17.93
20.65
2. β-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)
ND-0.18
ND
ND
3. γ-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)
31.00–50.76
63.68
2.39
4. δ-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)
ND-1.13
33.03
1.94
coenzyme Q10/ubiquinones (mg/100 g)
7.3
9.2
0.4
Source: Siger et al. (2015), Rekas et al. (2016), Ghazani and Marangoni (2013), Shahidi (2002)
ND Not detected
2 Rapeseed/Canola (Brassica napus) Seed
55
been reported to show cholesterol-lowering effects and improve oxidative stability
of oil during heating (Gertz and Kochhar 2001).
Siger et al. (2015) studied the effect of roasting of canola seeds followed by cold
extraction of oil and observed majorly brassicasterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and
avenasterol to the value 455.0 Æ 7.1, 1331.5 Æ 20.8, 1590.1 Æ 24.8, and
82.8 Æ 1.3 μg/g oil, respectively, in unroasted seed oil. Moreover, the authors did
not observe any significant effect ( p < 0.05) on the concentration of total as well as
individual phytosterol/s. In another study, Rekas et al. (2016) characterized the
chemical composition of cold-pressed oils extracted from different rapeseed varieties
and reported α-, γ-, δ-, and total tocopherols in the range of 21.3–26.8, 31.0–42.4,
0.1–1.3 and 56.4–65.1 mg/100 g, respectively. In the study, carotenoid pigments and
chlorophyll have also been reported in crude canola oil obtained from different
Table 2.5 Vitamin composition of canola meal
Vitamin
(mg/kg)
Canola meal
Soybean meal
Liang
(2000)
Canola Council of Canada
(2015)
National Research Council
(1994)
Vitamin E
14.00
13.00
4.47
Pantothenic
acid
9.50
9.30
15.00
Niacin
160.00
156.00
22.00
Choline
6700.00
6500.00
2700.00
Riboflavin
5.80
5.70
2.90
Biotin
1.10
0.96
0.32
Folic acid
2.30
0.80
1.30
Pyridoxine
7.20
7.00
5.00
Thiamin
5.20
5.10
3.20
Table 2.6 Concentration of minor components and phytonutrients in canola/rapeseed oil
Constituent
Canola oil
Soybean oil
Sunflower oil
Total phytosterols (mg/kg oil)
3459.40–6900.00
4600
4100
1. Brassicasterol (mg/kg oil)
455.00–986.70
Traces
Traces
2. Stigmasterol (mg/kg oil)
ND
772.80
319.80
3. Campesterol (mg/kg oil)
1331.50–1904.40
1191.40
266.50
4. β-Sitosterol (mg/kg oil)
1590.10–3608.00
2060.80
2300.00
5. Avenasterol
82.80–234.60
427.80
848.70
Total tocopherols (mg/100 g)
56.40–94.28
114.64
89.88
1. α-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)
19.70–42.21
17.93
20.65
2. β-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)
ND-0.18
ND
ND
3. γ-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)
31.00–50.76
63.68
2.39
4. δ-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)
ND-1.13
33.03
1.94
coenzyme Q10/ubiquinones (mg/100 g)
7.3
9.2
0.4
Source: Siger et al. (2015), Rekas et al. (2016), Ghazani and Marangoni (2013), Shahidi (2002)
ND Not detected
2 Rapeseed/Canola (Brassica napus) Seed
55