as the supply rates cannot meet the demand which ultimately results in the decline of
fish meal production. This infers that in future the fish farms have to find an
alternative for feeding fish. Thus, replacing the fish feed with some plant sources
of the same nutrient source like camelina meal can avoid the scarcity in raw materials
as well as a good supplement of nutrients for fish. Oil containing n-3 LC-PUFA was
produced from transgenic Camelina sativa to replace fish oil in salmon feeds
(Betancor et al. 2017). This did not result in any negative effect on fish performance,
metabolic responses, and nutritional attributes of the farmed fish. However, the
camelina meal alone cannot replace the exact nutrients of the fish meal but a
combination of various other oilseed crops can provide the same effect as fish meal.
18.7.2.2 As Feed in Dairy Industry
Camelina meal holds FDA GRAS status for being utilized as an ingredient in
ruminant (beef, cattle, and goats) and monogastric (chicken and swine) feed rations.
However, the approval for inclusion in dairy rations is pending. Feeding camelina
seeds and meal to lactating dairy cattle tended to decrease dry matter intake but did
not significantly affect milk production. Camelina meal was found to decrease milk
fat yield and content, with changes in fatty acid composition that resulted in the
modification of butter spreadability (Hurtaud and Peyraud 2007).
When camelina cake was supplemented in goats diet, an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids, was
observed in the raw milk (Pikul et al. 2014). The increased bioactive compounds
were also found in Kefir after production and in storage. Additionally, the Kefir was
acceptable in terms of quality parameters like texture, flavor, aroma, color, and
consistency (Cais-Sokolińska et al. 2015).
18.7.2.3 As Poultry Feed
When camelina meal was added in poultry feed, the omega-3 fatty acid content
increased in eggs (Tripathi and Mishra 2007), which aided in upgrading the quality
of broiler chickens and laying hens. The eggs obtained had a pleasant odor which is
not often seen in the case of flax seeds. In another study conducted by Frame et al.
(2007) on including camelina in starter diets of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), more
than 5% inclusion in the diets resulted in reduced weight and poor feed conversion.
18.7.2.4 As Feed in Beef and Pork Industry
It was reported that the camelina is suitable for pigs (Sus domesticus) and ruminants
for their rich protein and energy content (Matthaus and Zubr 2000). In a research
conducted by Eidhin et al. (2003a), camelina oil reduced the plasma omega-6 fatty
acid content and serum triglyceride levels, and increased the plasma omega-3 fatty
466
S. K. Singh et al.
fish meal production. This infers that in future the fish farms have to find an
alternative for feeding fish. Thus, replacing the fish feed with some plant sources
of the same nutrient source like camelina meal can avoid the scarcity in raw materials
as well as a good supplement of nutrients for fish. Oil containing n-3 LC-PUFA was
produced from transgenic Camelina sativa to replace fish oil in salmon feeds
(Betancor et al. 2017). This did not result in any negative effect on fish performance,
metabolic responses, and nutritional attributes of the farmed fish. However, the
camelina meal alone cannot replace the exact nutrients of the fish meal but a
combination of various other oilseed crops can provide the same effect as fish meal.
18.7.2.2 As Feed in Dairy Industry
Camelina meal holds FDA GRAS status for being utilized as an ingredient in
ruminant (beef, cattle, and goats) and monogastric (chicken and swine) feed rations.
However, the approval for inclusion in dairy rations is pending. Feeding camelina
seeds and meal to lactating dairy cattle tended to decrease dry matter intake but did
not significantly affect milk production. Camelina meal was found to decrease milk
fat yield and content, with changes in fatty acid composition that resulted in the
modification of butter spreadability (Hurtaud and Peyraud 2007).
When camelina cake was supplemented in goats diet, an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids, was
observed in the raw milk (Pikul et al. 2014). The increased bioactive compounds
were also found in Kefir after production and in storage. Additionally, the Kefir was
acceptable in terms of quality parameters like texture, flavor, aroma, color, and
consistency (Cais-Sokolińska et al. 2015).
18.7.2.3 As Poultry Feed
When camelina meal was added in poultry feed, the omega-3 fatty acid content
increased in eggs (Tripathi and Mishra 2007), which aided in upgrading the quality
of broiler chickens and laying hens. The eggs obtained had a pleasant odor which is
not often seen in the case of flax seeds. In another study conducted by Frame et al.
(2007) on including camelina in starter diets of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), more
than 5% inclusion in the diets resulted in reduced weight and poor feed conversion.
18.7.2.4 As Feed in Beef and Pork Industry
It was reported that the camelina is suitable for pigs (Sus domesticus) and ruminants
for their rich protein and energy content (Matthaus and Zubr 2000). In a research
conducted by Eidhin et al. (2003a), camelina oil reduced the plasma omega-6 fatty
acid content and serum triglyceride levels, and increased the plasma omega-3 fatty
466
S. K. Singh et al.