Akpanabiatu MI, Ekpa OD, Mauro A, Rizzo R (2001) Nutrient composition of Nigerian palm
kernel from the dura and tenera varieties of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Food Chem 72
(2):173–177
Amri IN (2011) The lauric (coconut and palm kernel) oils. In: Gunstone FD (ed) Vegetable oils in
food technology composition, properties and uses, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp
169–197. ISBN: 978-1-4443-3268-1
Aparicio R, González DLG, Aparicio-Ruiz R (2018) Vegetable oils. In: Morin J-F, Lee M (eds)
Handbook on food authenticity issues and related analytical techniques, ERA Science Ltd., UK,
pp 1–23. https://doi.org/10.32741/fihb.19.vegetableoil
Atasie VN, Akinhanmi TF (2009) Extraction, compositional studies and physico-chemical characteristics of palm kernel oil. Pak J Nutr 8(6):1680–5194
Bayorh MA, Abukhalaf IK, Ganafa AA (2005) Effect of palm oil on blood pressure, endothelial
function and oxidative stress. Asia Pac J Nutr 14(4):325
Boateng L, Ansong R, Owusu W, Steiner-Asiedu M (2016) Coconut oil and palm oil’s role in
nutrition, health and national development: a review. Ghana Med J 50(3):189–196
Boon CM, Ng MH, Choo YM, Mok SL (2013) Super, red palm and palm oleins improve the blood
pressure, heart size, aortic media thickness and lipid profile in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
PLoS One 8(2):e55908. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055908
Bora PS, Rocha RV, Narain N, Moreira-Monteiro AC, Moreira RA (2003) Characterization of
principal nutritional components of Brazilian oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits. Bioresour
Technol 87(1):1–5
Cheng HS, Ton SH, Tan JBL, Abdul Kadir K (2017) The ameliorative effects of a Tocotrienol-rich
fraction on the AGE-RAGE Axis and hypertension in high-fat-diet-fed rats with metabolic
syndrome. Nutrients 9(9):984
Chong YH, Ng TK (1991) Effects of palm oil on cardiovascular risk. Med J Malaysia 46(1):41–50
CODEX (1999) Codex standards for fats and oils from vegetable sources. http://www.fao.org/3/
y2774e/y2774e04.htm#fn3
Cottrell RC (1991) Introduction: nutritional aspects of palm oil. Am J Clin Nutr 58:989S–1009S
Ebong PE, Owu DU, Isong EU (1999) Influence of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) on health. Plant
Foods Hum Nutr 53(3):209–222
Edem DO (2002) Palm oil: biochemical, physiological, nutritional, hematological and toxicological
aspects: a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 57(3–4):319–341
Elson CE, Qureshi AA (1995) Coupling the cholesterol-and tumor-suppressive actions of palm oil
to the impact of its minor constituents on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase
activity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 52(2–3):205–208
FAO/WHO (1991) Protein quality evaluation. Food and Agriculture, Rome, Italy. https://apps.who.
int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/38133/9251030979_eng.pdf?sequence¼1&isAllowed¼y
FAOSTAT (2019). http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 10 Oct 2019
Gibbon V (2012) Palm oil and palm kernel oil refining and fractionation technology. In: Lai OM,
Tan CP, Akoh CC (eds) Palm oil: Production, Processing, Characterization, AOCS Press;
Urbana, IL, 2012; pp 329–375
Goh SH, Choo YM, Ong SH (1985) Minor constituents of palm oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc
62:237–240
Hall WL (2009) Dietary saturated and unsaturated fats as determinants of blood pressure and
vascular function. Nutr Res Rev 22(1):18–38
Hornstra G, Sundram K (1989) The effect of dietary palm oil on’ cardiovascular risk in man.
Abstracts 1989 PORIM International Development Conference, 5–9 September 1989, Kuala
Lumpur N3
Klurfeld D, Davidson LM, Lopez-Guisa JM (1990) Palm and other edible oils: atherosclerosis study
in rabbits. FASEB 4:23–26
Kok S, Ong-Abdullah M, Ee GC, Namasivayam P (2011) Comparison of nutrient composition in
kernel of tenera and clonal materials of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Food Chem 129
(4):1343–1347
6 Palm/Palm Kernel (Elaeis guineensis)
159
kernel from the dura and tenera varieties of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Food Chem 72
(2):173–177
Amri IN (2011) The lauric (coconut and palm kernel) oils. In: Gunstone FD (ed) Vegetable oils in
food technology composition, properties and uses, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp
169–197. ISBN: 978-1-4443-3268-1
Aparicio R, González DLG, Aparicio-Ruiz R (2018) Vegetable oils. In: Morin J-F, Lee M (eds)
Handbook on food authenticity issues and related analytical techniques, ERA Science Ltd., UK,
pp 1–23. https://doi.org/10.32741/fihb.19.vegetableoil
Atasie VN, Akinhanmi TF (2009) Extraction, compositional studies and physico-chemical characteristics of palm kernel oil. Pak J Nutr 8(6):1680–5194
Bayorh MA, Abukhalaf IK, Ganafa AA (2005) Effect of palm oil on blood pressure, endothelial
function and oxidative stress. Asia Pac J Nutr 14(4):325
Boateng L, Ansong R, Owusu W, Steiner-Asiedu M (2016) Coconut oil and palm oil’s role in
nutrition, health and national development: a review. Ghana Med J 50(3):189–196
Boon CM, Ng MH, Choo YM, Mok SL (2013) Super, red palm and palm oleins improve the blood
pressure, heart size, aortic media thickness and lipid profile in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
PLoS One 8(2):e55908. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055908
Bora PS, Rocha RV, Narain N, Moreira-Monteiro AC, Moreira RA (2003) Characterization of
principal nutritional components of Brazilian oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits. Bioresour
Technol 87(1):1–5
Cheng HS, Ton SH, Tan JBL, Abdul Kadir K (2017) The ameliorative effects of a Tocotrienol-rich
fraction on the AGE-RAGE Axis and hypertension in high-fat-diet-fed rats with metabolic
syndrome. Nutrients 9(9):984
Chong YH, Ng TK (1991) Effects of palm oil on cardiovascular risk. Med J Malaysia 46(1):41–50
CODEX (1999) Codex standards for fats and oils from vegetable sources. http://www.fao.org/3/
y2774e/y2774e04.htm#fn3
Cottrell RC (1991) Introduction: nutritional aspects of palm oil. Am J Clin Nutr 58:989S–1009S
Ebong PE, Owu DU, Isong EU (1999) Influence of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) on health. Plant
Foods Hum Nutr 53(3):209–222
Edem DO (2002) Palm oil: biochemical, physiological, nutritional, hematological and toxicological
aspects: a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 57(3–4):319–341
Elson CE, Qureshi AA (1995) Coupling the cholesterol-and tumor-suppressive actions of palm oil
to the impact of its minor constituents on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase
activity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 52(2–3):205–208
FAO/WHO (1991) Protein quality evaluation. Food and Agriculture, Rome, Italy. https://apps.who.
int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/38133/9251030979_eng.pdf?sequence¼1&isAllowed¼y
FAOSTAT (2019). http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 10 Oct 2019
Gibbon V (2012) Palm oil and palm kernel oil refining and fractionation technology. In: Lai OM,
Tan CP, Akoh CC (eds) Palm oil: Production, Processing, Characterization, AOCS Press;
Urbana, IL, 2012; pp 329–375
Goh SH, Choo YM, Ong SH (1985) Minor constituents of palm oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc
62:237–240
Hall WL (2009) Dietary saturated and unsaturated fats as determinants of blood pressure and
vascular function. Nutr Res Rev 22(1):18–38
Hornstra G, Sundram K (1989) The effect of dietary palm oil on’ cardiovascular risk in man.
Abstracts 1989 PORIM International Development Conference, 5–9 September 1989, Kuala
Lumpur N3
Klurfeld D, Davidson LM, Lopez-Guisa JM (1990) Palm and other edible oils: atherosclerosis study
in rabbits. FASEB 4:23–26
Kok S, Ong-Abdullah M, Ee GC, Namasivayam P (2011) Comparison of nutrient composition in
kernel of tenera and clonal materials of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Food Chem 129
(4):1343–1347
6 Palm/Palm Kernel (Elaeis guineensis)
159