phenolic acids, isomers of caffeoylquinic acid, p-coumaroylquinic acid and
dicaffeoylquinic acids in sunflower seeds. Phenolic acids also function as natural
antioxidants, thus reducing the risk of several chronic diseases (Tanwar et al. 2018,
2019). The concentration of these compounds in sunflower meal has been
represented in Table 5.7.
5.6.2 Phytosterols and Triterpenes
Phytosterol, a bioactive component resembling cholesterol, is found in ample
amounts in sunflower seeds (Piironen et al. 2000). When compared with some
selected nuts, legumes and seeds, sunflower seeds were next to wheat germ, sesame
seeds and pistachio having substantially higher amount of phytosterols than walnuts,
pecans, pistachio, almond, cashew, soybean, flaxseeds, peanuts and many more
(Phillips et al. 2005; King and Young 1999).
The phytosterol content of sunflower oil/seed is shown in Table 5.4. FernándezCuesta et al. (2014) analysed the collection of 985 accessions and reported a large
variation in the phytosterol content (1319–5119 mg kg
À1 ) of sunflower kernel. The
authors also reported a wide variation in the concentrations of β-sitosterol
Table 5.7 Concentration of individual phenolic compounds in sunflower oilseed
Component
Amount (mg/100 g dry
matter)
a
Amount (mg/g fresh
weight)
b
Caffeic acid
26.7 Æ 1.1
NR
Ferulic acid
12.4 Æ 2.0
NR
Non-esterified phenolic acids
39.0 Æ 2.3
NR
5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid
11.3 Æ 1.0
NR
5-O-feruloylquinic acid
11.3 Æ 1.0
NR
Coumaric and ferulic acid
derivatives
22.6 Æ 1.4
NR
3-O-caffeoylquinic acid
439.9 Æ 8.6
4.74 Æ 0.76
4-O-caffeoylquinic acid
87.5 Æ 4.1
0.83 Æ 0.13
5-O-caffeoylqinic acid (chlorogenic
acid)
2467.0 Æ 13.9
11.82 Æ 1.42
Caffeoylquinic acid
36.5 Æ 2.2
NR
Monocaffeoylquinic acids
3030.9 Æ 17.0
NR
3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
28.8 Æ 0.3
NR
3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
211.2 Æ 1.1
ND
4,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
120.9 Æ 0.2
2.45 Æ 0.27
Dicaffeoylquinic acids
360.9 Æ 1.1
NR
Total amount
3453.5 Æ 17.3
NR
NR not reported, ND not detected
a Weisz et al. (2009)
b
Romani et al. (2017)
5 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seed
133
dicaffeoylquinic acids in sunflower seeds. Phenolic acids also function as natural
antioxidants, thus reducing the risk of several chronic diseases (Tanwar et al. 2018,
2019). The concentration of these compounds in sunflower meal has been
represented in Table 5.7.
5.6.2 Phytosterols and Triterpenes
Phytosterol, a bioactive component resembling cholesterol, is found in ample
amounts in sunflower seeds (Piironen et al. 2000). When compared with some
selected nuts, legumes and seeds, sunflower seeds were next to wheat germ, sesame
seeds and pistachio having substantially higher amount of phytosterols than walnuts,
pecans, pistachio, almond, cashew, soybean, flaxseeds, peanuts and many more
(Phillips et al. 2005; King and Young 1999).
The phytosterol content of sunflower oil/seed is shown in Table 5.4. FernándezCuesta et al. (2014) analysed the collection of 985 accessions and reported a large
variation in the phytosterol content (1319–5119 mg kg
À1 ) of sunflower kernel. The
authors also reported a wide variation in the concentrations of β-sitosterol
Table 5.7 Concentration of individual phenolic compounds in sunflower oilseed
Component
Amount (mg/100 g dry
matter)
a
Amount (mg/g fresh
weight)
b
Caffeic acid
26.7 Æ 1.1
NR
Ferulic acid
12.4 Æ 2.0
NR
Non-esterified phenolic acids
39.0 Æ 2.3
NR
5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid
11.3 Æ 1.0
NR
5-O-feruloylquinic acid
11.3 Æ 1.0
NR
Coumaric and ferulic acid
derivatives
22.6 Æ 1.4
NR
3-O-caffeoylquinic acid
439.9 Æ 8.6
4.74 Æ 0.76
4-O-caffeoylquinic acid
87.5 Æ 4.1
0.83 Æ 0.13
5-O-caffeoylqinic acid (chlorogenic
acid)
2467.0 Æ 13.9
11.82 Æ 1.42
Caffeoylquinic acid
36.5 Æ 2.2
NR
Monocaffeoylquinic acids
3030.9 Æ 17.0
NR
3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
28.8 Æ 0.3
NR
3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
211.2 Æ 1.1
ND
4,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
120.9 Æ 0.2
2.45 Æ 0.27
Dicaffeoylquinic acids
360.9 Æ 1.1
NR
Total amount
3453.5 Æ 17.3
NR
NR not reported, ND not detected
a Weisz et al. (2009)
b
Romani et al. (2017)
5 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seed
133