16
1 Energy Security and Sustainability: An Overview
India
China
Brazil
UK
Germany
Canada
USA
142
583
332
4861
3695
5750
8172
218
1797
731
5268
5922
9950
11554
Per capita energy consumpƟon (Kg of coal equivalent) 1960
Per capita energy consumpƟon (Kg of coal equivalent) 1976
Fig. 1.7 Growth in per capita energy consumption (kilogram of coal equivalent) between 1960 and
1976 (World Development Report 1979, World Bank 1979)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
1 9 7 5
1 9 8 0
1 9 8 5
1 9 9 0
1 9 9 5
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 5
2 0 1 0
China
India
Japan
France
Germany
United Kingdom
United States
Fig. 1.8 Global coal consumption between 1980 and 2005 (in quadrillion BTU) (Ref. Brown 2008)
and incomes, as well as political and environmental factors. From 1859 onward,
when the first modern well was drilled in Pennsylvania, oil changed the trajectory
of global economics and geopolitics. Oil-rich countries and companies dictated
market dynamics by controlling the supply of oil. Production by OPEC was the
critical balancing factor as changes in their output significantly altered the global
energy balance.
2. Ease of access, that is, the ease and convenience of accessing the resources. For
resources to be procured from other countries, it was necessary to have good
international as well as bilateral relations.
3. Affordability of resources imported varied from country to country based on
resource quality as well as willingness to sell.
4. Acceptability to whether use of resource was acceptable socially and environmentally. While there was concern for use for coal in developed countries, but
1 Energy Security and Sustainability: An Overview
India
China
Brazil
UK
Germany
Canada
USA
142
583
332
4861
3695
5750
8172
218
1797
731
5268
5922
9950
11554
Per capita energy consumpƟon (Kg of coal equivalent) 1960
Per capita energy consumpƟon (Kg of coal equivalent) 1976
Fig. 1.7 Growth in per capita energy consumption (kilogram of coal equivalent) between 1960 and
1976 (World Development Report 1979, World Bank 1979)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
1 9 7 5
1 9 8 0
1 9 8 5
1 9 9 0
1 9 9 5
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 5
2 0 1 0
China
India
Japan
France
Germany
United Kingdom
United States
Fig. 1.8 Global coal consumption between 1980 and 2005 (in quadrillion BTU) (Ref. Brown 2008)
and incomes, as well as political and environmental factors. From 1859 onward,
when the first modern well was drilled in Pennsylvania, oil changed the trajectory
of global economics and geopolitics. Oil-rich countries and companies dictated
market dynamics by controlling the supply of oil. Production by OPEC was the
critical balancing factor as changes in their output significantly altered the global
energy balance.
2. Ease of access, that is, the ease and convenience of accessing the resources. For
resources to be procured from other countries, it was necessary to have good
international as well as bilateral relations.
3. Affordability of resources imported varied from country to country based on
resource quality as well as willingness to sell.
4. Acceptability to whether use of resource was acceptable socially and environmentally. While there was concern for use for coal in developed countries, but