4.4 Other Methods
95
Experimentally, the inert gas must be introduced at a low temperature in an XPS
instrument. As pointed out in Ref. [11], the possibility of inert gas atoms migrating
inside the specimen, not merely remaining at the surface, should be taken into
account.
References
1. Richardson OW (1912) Some applications of the electron theory of matter. Lond Edinb Dubl
Phil Mag Ser 6(23):594–627
2. Fowler RH, Nordheim LW (1928) Electron emission in intense electric fields. Proc R Soc
London A 119:173–181
3. Spindt CA, Brodie I, Humphrey L, Westerberg ER (1976) Physical properties of thin-film field
emission cathodes with molybdenum cones. J Appl Phys 47:5248–5263
4. Ishikawa J, Tsuji H, Inoue K, Nagao M, Sasaki T, Kaneko T, Gotoh Y (1993) Estimation of
metal-deposited field emitters for the micro vacuum tube. Jpn J Appl Phys 32:L342–L345
5. Gotoh Y, Mukai K, Kawamura Y, Tsuji H, Ishikawa J (2007) Work function of low index crystal
facet of tungsten evaluated by the Seppen-Katamuki analysis. J Vac Sci Technol B 25:508–512
6. Gotoh Y, Nagao M, Nozaki D, Utsumi K, Nakatani K, Sakashita K, Betsui K, Tsuji H, Ishikawa
J (2004) Electron emission properties of Spindt-type platinum field emission cathodes. J Appl
Phys 95:1537–1549
7. Fowler RH (1931) The analysis of photoelectric sensitivity curves for clean metals at various
temperatures. Phys Rev 38:45–56
8. Kane EO (1962) Theory of photoelectric emission from semiconductors. Phys Rev 127:131–
141
9. Gobeli GW, Allen FG (1962) Direct and indirect excitation processes in photoelectric emission
from silicon. Phys Rev 127:141–149
10. Yoshitake M (2006) Evaluation of electric potential at metal-insulator interface using electron
spectroscopy and Kelvin probe techniques. Mater Res Soc Proc 894:45–53
11. Holzl J, Schulte FK (1979) Work function of metals. In: Solid state physics. Springer tracts in
modern physics, vol 85. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York
12. Anderson PA (1941) A new technique for preparing monocrystalline metal surfaces for work
function study. The work function of Ag(100). Phys Rev 59:1034–1041
13. Wandelt K (1984) Surface characterization by photoemission of adsorbed xenon (PAX). J Vac
Sci Technol A 2:802–807
14. Onellion M, Erskine L (1987) Experimental test of the photoemission of adsorbed xenon model.
Phys Rev B 36:4495–4498
95
Experimentally, the inert gas must be introduced at a low temperature in an XPS
instrument. As pointed out in Ref. [11], the possibility of inert gas atoms migrating
inside the specimen, not merely remaining at the surface, should be taken into
account.
References
1. Richardson OW (1912) Some applications of the electron theory of matter. Lond Edinb Dubl
Phil Mag Ser 6(23):594–627
2. Fowler RH, Nordheim LW (1928) Electron emission in intense electric fields. Proc R Soc
London A 119:173–181
3. Spindt CA, Brodie I, Humphrey L, Westerberg ER (1976) Physical properties of thin-film field
emission cathodes with molybdenum cones. J Appl Phys 47:5248–5263
4. Ishikawa J, Tsuji H, Inoue K, Nagao M, Sasaki T, Kaneko T, Gotoh Y (1993) Estimation of
metal-deposited field emitters for the micro vacuum tube. Jpn J Appl Phys 32:L342–L345
5. Gotoh Y, Mukai K, Kawamura Y, Tsuji H, Ishikawa J (2007) Work function of low index crystal
facet of tungsten evaluated by the Seppen-Katamuki analysis. J Vac Sci Technol B 25:508–512
6. Gotoh Y, Nagao M, Nozaki D, Utsumi K, Nakatani K, Sakashita K, Betsui K, Tsuji H, Ishikawa
J (2004) Electron emission properties of Spindt-type platinum field emission cathodes. J Appl
Phys 95:1537–1549
7. Fowler RH (1931) The analysis of photoelectric sensitivity curves for clean metals at various
temperatures. Phys Rev 38:45–56
8. Kane EO (1962) Theory of photoelectric emission from semiconductors. Phys Rev 127:131–
141
9. Gobeli GW, Allen FG (1962) Direct and indirect excitation processes in photoelectric emission
from silicon. Phys Rev 127:141–149
10. Yoshitake M (2006) Evaluation of electric potential at metal-insulator interface using electron
spectroscopy and Kelvin probe techniques. Mater Res Soc Proc 894:45–53
11. Holzl J, Schulte FK (1979) Work function of metals. In: Solid state physics. Springer tracts in
modern physics, vol 85. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York
12. Anderson PA (1941) A new technique for preparing monocrystalline metal surfaces for work
function study. The work function of Ag(100). Phys Rev 59:1034–1041
13. Wandelt K (1984) Surface characterization by photoemission of adsorbed xenon (PAX). J Vac
Sci Technol A 2:802–807
14. Onellion M, Erskine L (1987) Experimental test of the photoemission of adsorbed xenon model.
Phys Rev B 36:4495–4498