8 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Embryogenesis Under …
223
Riikonen RS (1994) Difference in susceptibility to teratogenic effects of alcohol in discordant twins
exposed to alcohol during the second half of gestation. Pediatr Neurol 11:332–336
Riley EP, Infante MA, Warren KR (2011) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview.
Neuropsychol Rev 21:73–80
Roberts C, Ivins SM, James CT, Scambler PJ (2005) Retinoic acid down-regulates Tbx1 expression
in vivo and in vitro. Dev Dyn 232:928–938
Roberts C, Ivins S, Cook AC, Baldini A, Scambler PJ (2006) Cyp26 genes a1, b1 and c1 are downregulated in Tbx1 null mice and inhibition of Cyp26 enzyme function produces a phenocopy of
digeorge syndrome in the chick. Hum Mol Genet 15:3394–3410
Roozen S, Peters G-JY, Kok G, Townend D, Nijhuis J, Curfs L (2016) Worldwide prevalence of
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a systematic literature review including meta-analysis. Alcohol
Clin Exp Res 40:18–32
Rossant J, Zirngibl R, Cado D, Shago M, Giguère V (1991) Expression of a retinoic acid response
element-hsplacZ transgene defines specific domains of transcriptional activity during mouse
embryogenesis. Genes Dev 5:1333–1344
Russo JE, Hauguitz D, Hilton J (1988) Inhibition of mouse cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase by
4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde. Biochem Pharmacol 37:1639–1642
Sandell LL, Sanderson BW, Moiseyev G, Johnson T, Mushegian A, Young K, Rey J-P et al (2007)
RDH10 is essential for synthesis of embryonic retinoic acid and is required for limb, craniofacial,
and organ development. Genes Dev 21:1113–1124
Sandell LL, Lynn ML, Inman KE, McDowell W, Trainor PA (2012) RDH10 oxidation of Vitamin
A is a critical control step in synthesis of retinoic acid during mouse embryogenesis. PLoS ONE
7:e30698
Sanlaville D, Verloes A (2007) CHARGE syndrome: an update. Eur J Hum Genet 15:389–399
Sarma V (1959) Maternal vitamin A deficiency and fetal microcephaly and anophthalmia; report
of a case. Obstet Gynecol 13:299–301
Scambler PJ, Carey AH, Wyse RK, Roach S, Dumanski JP, Nordenskjold M, Williamson R
(1991) Microdeletions within 22q11 associated with sporadic and familial DiGeorge syndrome.
Genomics 10:201–206
Schuckit MA (1998) Alcohol and alcoholism. In: Harrison TR, Fauci AS (eds) Harrisons principles
of internal medicine, 14th edn, pp 2503–2507. McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division, New
York.
Schuh TJ, Hall BL, Kraft JC, Privalsky ML, Kimelman D (1993) v-erbA and citral reduce the
teratogenic effects of all-trans retinoic acid and retinol, respectively, in Xenopus embryogenesis.
Development (Cambridge, England) 119:785–798
Schuster GU, Kenyon NJ, Stephensen CB (2008) Vitamin A deficiency decreases and high dietary
vitamin A increases disease severity in the mouse model of asthma. J Immunol 180:1834–1842
See AW-M, Kaiser ME, White JC, Clagett-Dame M (2008) A nutritional model of late embryonic
vitamin A deficiency produces defects in organogenesis at a high penetrance and reveals new
roles for the vitamin in skeletal development. Dev Biol 316:171–190
Shabtai Y, Fainsod A (2018) Competition between ethanol clearance and retinoic acid biosynthesis
in the induction of fetal alcohol syndrome. Biochem Cell Biol (Biochim et Biol Cell) 96:148–160
Shabtai Y, Jubran H, Nassar T, Hirschberg J, Fainsod A (2016) Kinetic characterization and regulation of the human retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 enzyme during production of retinoic acid.
Biochem J 473:1423–1431
Shabtai Y, Bendelac L, Jubran H, Hirschberg J, Fainsod A (2018) Acetaldehyde inhibits retinoic
acid biosynthesis to mediate alcohol teratogenicity. Sci Rep 8:347
Sharpe C, Goldstone K (2000) The control of Xenopus embryonic primary neurogenesis is mediated
by retinoid signalling in the neurectoderm. Mech Dev 91:69–80
Shenoda BB (2017) An Overview of the Mechanisms of Abnormal GABAergic Interneuronal
Cortical Migration Associated with Prenatal Ethanol Exposure. Neurochem Res 42:1279–1287
Shukrun N, Shabtai Y, Pillemer G, Fainsod A (2019) Retinoic acid signaling reduction recapitulates
the effects of alcohol on embryo size. Genesis 57:e23284
223
Riikonen RS (1994) Difference in susceptibility to teratogenic effects of alcohol in discordant twins
exposed to alcohol during the second half of gestation. Pediatr Neurol 11:332–336
Riley EP, Infante MA, Warren KR (2011) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview.
Neuropsychol Rev 21:73–80
Roberts C, Ivins SM, James CT, Scambler PJ (2005) Retinoic acid down-regulates Tbx1 expression
in vivo and in vitro. Dev Dyn 232:928–938
Roberts C, Ivins S, Cook AC, Baldini A, Scambler PJ (2006) Cyp26 genes a1, b1 and c1 are downregulated in Tbx1 null mice and inhibition of Cyp26 enzyme function produces a phenocopy of
digeorge syndrome in the chick. Hum Mol Genet 15:3394–3410
Roozen S, Peters G-JY, Kok G, Townend D, Nijhuis J, Curfs L (2016) Worldwide prevalence of
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a systematic literature review including meta-analysis. Alcohol
Clin Exp Res 40:18–32
Rossant J, Zirngibl R, Cado D, Shago M, Giguère V (1991) Expression of a retinoic acid response
element-hsplacZ transgene defines specific domains of transcriptional activity during mouse
embryogenesis. Genes Dev 5:1333–1344
Russo JE, Hauguitz D, Hilton J (1988) Inhibition of mouse cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase by
4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde. Biochem Pharmacol 37:1639–1642
Sandell LL, Sanderson BW, Moiseyev G, Johnson T, Mushegian A, Young K, Rey J-P et al (2007)
RDH10 is essential for synthesis of embryonic retinoic acid and is required for limb, craniofacial,
and organ development. Genes Dev 21:1113–1124
Sandell LL, Lynn ML, Inman KE, McDowell W, Trainor PA (2012) RDH10 oxidation of Vitamin
A is a critical control step in synthesis of retinoic acid during mouse embryogenesis. PLoS ONE
7:e30698
Sanlaville D, Verloes A (2007) CHARGE syndrome: an update. Eur J Hum Genet 15:389–399
Sarma V (1959) Maternal vitamin A deficiency and fetal microcephaly and anophthalmia; report
of a case. Obstet Gynecol 13:299–301
Scambler PJ, Carey AH, Wyse RK, Roach S, Dumanski JP, Nordenskjold M, Williamson R
(1991) Microdeletions within 22q11 associated with sporadic and familial DiGeorge syndrome.
Genomics 10:201–206
Schuckit MA (1998) Alcohol and alcoholism. In: Harrison TR, Fauci AS (eds) Harrisons principles
of internal medicine, 14th edn, pp 2503–2507. McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division, New
York.
Schuh TJ, Hall BL, Kraft JC, Privalsky ML, Kimelman D (1993) v-erbA and citral reduce the
teratogenic effects of all-trans retinoic acid and retinol, respectively, in Xenopus embryogenesis.
Development (Cambridge, England) 119:785–798
Schuster GU, Kenyon NJ, Stephensen CB (2008) Vitamin A deficiency decreases and high dietary
vitamin A increases disease severity in the mouse model of asthma. J Immunol 180:1834–1842
See AW-M, Kaiser ME, White JC, Clagett-Dame M (2008) A nutritional model of late embryonic
vitamin A deficiency produces defects in organogenesis at a high penetrance and reveals new
roles for the vitamin in skeletal development. Dev Biol 316:171–190
Shabtai Y, Fainsod A (2018) Competition between ethanol clearance and retinoic acid biosynthesis
in the induction of fetal alcohol syndrome. Biochem Cell Biol (Biochim et Biol Cell) 96:148–160
Shabtai Y, Jubran H, Nassar T, Hirschberg J, Fainsod A (2016) Kinetic characterization and regulation of the human retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 enzyme during production of retinoic acid.
Biochem J 473:1423–1431
Shabtai Y, Bendelac L, Jubran H, Hirschberg J, Fainsod A (2018) Acetaldehyde inhibits retinoic
acid biosynthesis to mediate alcohol teratogenicity. Sci Rep 8:347
Sharpe C, Goldstone K (2000) The control of Xenopus embryonic primary neurogenesis is mediated
by retinoid signalling in the neurectoderm. Mech Dev 91:69–80
Shenoda BB (2017) An Overview of the Mechanisms of Abnormal GABAergic Interneuronal
Cortical Migration Associated with Prenatal Ethanol Exposure. Neurochem Res 42:1279–1287
Shukrun N, Shabtai Y, Pillemer G, Fainsod A (2019) Retinoic acid signaling reduction recapitulates
the effects of alcohol on embryo size. Genesis 57:e23284