250
M. Hiramoto
16. Harada, K., Werner, A.G., Pfeiffer, M., Bloom, C.J., Elliott, C.M., Leo, K.: Organic homojunction diodes with a high built-in potential: interpretation of the current-voltage characteristics
by a generalized Einstein relation. Phys, Rev. Lett. 94, 036601 (4 pages) (2005)
17. Chan, C.K., Zhao, W., Barlow, S., Marder, S., Kahn, A.: Decamethylcobaltocene as an efficient
n-dopant in organic electronic materials and devices. Org. Electron. 9, 575–581 (2008)
18. Harada, K., Riede, M., Leo, K.: Pentacene homojunctions: Electron and hole transport
properties and related photovoltaic responses. Phys. Rev. B 77, 195212 (9 pages) (2008)
19. Chan, C.K., Amy, F., Zhang, Q., Barlow, S., Marder, S., Kahn, A.: N-type doping of an electrontransport material by controlled gas-phase incorporation of cobaltocene. Chem. Phys. Lett. 431,
67–71 (2006)
20. Tietze, M.L., Wolzl, F., Menke, T., Fischer, A., Riede, M., Leo, K., Lüssem, B.: Self-passivation
of molecular n-type doping during air exposure using a highly efficient air-instable dopant.
Phys. Status Solidi A 210, 2188–2198 (2013)
21. Liao, H. –H., Chen, L. –M., Xu, Z., Li, G., Yang, Y.: Highly efficient inverted polymer solar
cell by low temperature annealing of Cs 2 CO 3 interlayer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173303 (3 pages)
(2008)
22. Hamwi, S., Riedl, T., Kowalsky, W.: An organic p-i-n homojunction as ultra violet light emitting
diode and visible-blind photodiode in one. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 053301 (3 pages) (2011)
23. Olthof, S., Mehraeen, S., Mohapatra, S.K., Barlow, S., Coropceanu, V., Bre´das, J.-L., Marder,
S.R., Kahn, A.: Ultralow doping in organic semiconductors: Evidence of trap filling. Phys,
Rev. Lett. 109, 176601 (5 pages) (2012)
24. Ohashi, C., Shinmura, Y., Kubo, M., Hiramoto, M.: Effects of doping at the ppm level in Simple
n + p-homojunction organic photovoltaic cells. Org. Electron. 27, 151–154 (2015)
25. Ohashi, C., Izawa, S., Shinmura, Y., Kikuchi, M., Watase, S., Izaki, M., Naito, H., Hiramoto,
M.: Hall effect in bulk-doped organic single crystals. Adv. Mater. 29, 1605619 (6 pages) (2017)
26. Shinmura, Y., Yamashina, Y., Kaji, T., Hiramoto, M.: Ionization sensitization of doping in
codeposited organic semiconductor films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 183306 (5 pages) (2014)
27. Lüssem, B., Riede, M., Leo, K.: Doping of organic semiconductors. Phys. Status Solidi A 210,
9–43 (2013)
28. Walzer, K., Maennig, B., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K.: Highly efficient organic devices based on
electrically doped transport layers. Chem. Rev. 107, 1233–1271 (2007a)
29. Hains, A.W., Liang, Z., Woodhouse, M.A., Gregg, B.A.: Molecular semiconductors in organic
photovoltaic cells. Chem. Rev. 110, 6689–6735 (2010)
30. Lüssem, B., Keum, C.M., Kasemann, D., Naab, B., Bao, Z., Leo, K.: Doped organic transistors.
Chem. Rev. 116, 13714–13751 (2016)
31. Ibach, H., Luth, H.: Solid-State Physics. 4th Edition, Chap.12. Springer-Verlag Berlin (2009)
32. Hebard, F.A., Hadon, C.R., Fleming, M.R., Kortan, R.A.: Deposition and characterization of
fullerene films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 2109–2111 (1991)
33. Salzmann, I., Heimel, G., Oehzelt, M., Winkler, S., Koch, N.: Molecular electrical doping of
organic semiconductors: Fundamental mechanisms and emerging dopant design rules. Acc.
Chem. Res. 49, 370–378 (2016)
34. Salzmann, I., Heimel, G., Duhm, S., Oehzelt, M., Pingel, P., George, B., Schnegg, A., Lips, K.,
Blum, R.-P., Vollmer, A., Koch, N.: Intermolecular hybridization governs molecular electrical
doping. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 035502 (5 pages) (2012)
35. Laudise, R.A., Kloc, C., Simpkins, P.G., Siegrist, T.: Physical vapor growth of organic
semiconductors. J. Cryst. Growth 187, 449–454 (1998)
36. Hiramoto, M., Kubo, M., Shinmura, Y., Ishiyama, N., Kaji, T., Sakai, K., Ohno, T., Izaki, M.:
Bandgap science for organic solar cells. Electronics 3, 351–380 (2014)
37. Saito, S., Soumura, T., Maeda, T.: Improvements of the piezoelectric driven Kelvin probe. J.
Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 2, 1389–1391 (1984)
38. Ito, E., Oji, H., Hayashi, N., Ishii, H., Ouchi, Y., Seki, K.: Electronic structures of TPD/metal
interfaces studied by photoemission and Kelvin probe method. Appl. Surf. Sci. 175, 407–411
(2001)
M. Hiramoto
16. Harada, K., Werner, A.G., Pfeiffer, M., Bloom, C.J., Elliott, C.M., Leo, K.: Organic homojunction diodes with a high built-in potential: interpretation of the current-voltage characteristics
by a generalized Einstein relation. Phys, Rev. Lett. 94, 036601 (4 pages) (2005)
17. Chan, C.K., Zhao, W., Barlow, S., Marder, S., Kahn, A.: Decamethylcobaltocene as an efficient
n-dopant in organic electronic materials and devices. Org. Electron. 9, 575–581 (2008)
18. Harada, K., Riede, M., Leo, K.: Pentacene homojunctions: Electron and hole transport
properties and related photovoltaic responses. Phys. Rev. B 77, 195212 (9 pages) (2008)
19. Chan, C.K., Amy, F., Zhang, Q., Barlow, S., Marder, S., Kahn, A.: N-type doping of an electrontransport material by controlled gas-phase incorporation of cobaltocene. Chem. Phys. Lett. 431,
67–71 (2006)
20. Tietze, M.L., Wolzl, F., Menke, T., Fischer, A., Riede, M., Leo, K., Lüssem, B.: Self-passivation
of molecular n-type doping during air exposure using a highly efficient air-instable dopant.
Phys. Status Solidi A 210, 2188–2198 (2013)
21. Liao, H. –H., Chen, L. –M., Xu, Z., Li, G., Yang, Y.: Highly efficient inverted polymer solar
cell by low temperature annealing of Cs 2 CO 3 interlayer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173303 (3 pages)
(2008)
22. Hamwi, S., Riedl, T., Kowalsky, W.: An organic p-i-n homojunction as ultra violet light emitting
diode and visible-blind photodiode in one. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 053301 (3 pages) (2011)
23. Olthof, S., Mehraeen, S., Mohapatra, S.K., Barlow, S., Coropceanu, V., Bre´das, J.-L., Marder,
S.R., Kahn, A.: Ultralow doping in organic semiconductors: Evidence of trap filling. Phys,
Rev. Lett. 109, 176601 (5 pages) (2012)
24. Ohashi, C., Shinmura, Y., Kubo, M., Hiramoto, M.: Effects of doping at the ppm level in Simple
n + p-homojunction organic photovoltaic cells. Org. Electron. 27, 151–154 (2015)
25. Ohashi, C., Izawa, S., Shinmura, Y., Kikuchi, M., Watase, S., Izaki, M., Naito, H., Hiramoto,
M.: Hall effect in bulk-doped organic single crystals. Adv. Mater. 29, 1605619 (6 pages) (2017)
26. Shinmura, Y., Yamashina, Y., Kaji, T., Hiramoto, M.: Ionization sensitization of doping in
codeposited organic semiconductor films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 183306 (5 pages) (2014)
27. Lüssem, B., Riede, M., Leo, K.: Doping of organic semiconductors. Phys. Status Solidi A 210,
9–43 (2013)
28. Walzer, K., Maennig, B., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K.: Highly efficient organic devices based on
electrically doped transport layers. Chem. Rev. 107, 1233–1271 (2007a)
29. Hains, A.W., Liang, Z., Woodhouse, M.A., Gregg, B.A.: Molecular semiconductors in organic
photovoltaic cells. Chem. Rev. 110, 6689–6735 (2010)
30. Lüssem, B., Keum, C.M., Kasemann, D., Naab, B., Bao, Z., Leo, K.: Doped organic transistors.
Chem. Rev. 116, 13714–13751 (2016)
31. Ibach, H., Luth, H.: Solid-State Physics. 4th Edition, Chap.12. Springer-Verlag Berlin (2009)
32. Hebard, F.A., Hadon, C.R., Fleming, M.R., Kortan, R.A.: Deposition and characterization of
fullerene films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 2109–2111 (1991)
33. Salzmann, I., Heimel, G., Oehzelt, M., Winkler, S., Koch, N.: Molecular electrical doping of
organic semiconductors: Fundamental mechanisms and emerging dopant design rules. Acc.
Chem. Res. 49, 370–378 (2016)
34. Salzmann, I., Heimel, G., Duhm, S., Oehzelt, M., Pingel, P., George, B., Schnegg, A., Lips, K.,
Blum, R.-P., Vollmer, A., Koch, N.: Intermolecular hybridization governs molecular electrical
doping. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 035502 (5 pages) (2012)
35. Laudise, R.A., Kloc, C., Simpkins, P.G., Siegrist, T.: Physical vapor growth of organic
semiconductors. J. Cryst. Growth 187, 449–454 (1998)
36. Hiramoto, M., Kubo, M., Shinmura, Y., Ishiyama, N., Kaji, T., Sakai, K., Ohno, T., Izaki, M.:
Bandgap science for organic solar cells. Electronics 3, 351–380 (2014)
37. Saito, S., Soumura, T., Maeda, T.: Improvements of the piezoelectric driven Kelvin probe. J.
Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 2, 1389–1391 (1984)
38. Ito, E., Oji, H., Hayashi, N., Ishii, H., Ouchi, Y., Seki, K.: Electronic structures of TPD/metal
interfaces studied by photoemission and Kelvin probe method. Appl. Surf. Sci. 175, 407–411
(2001)