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M. Hiramoto
1 and 0.1 atm (Fig. 9.2a) [35]. C 60 single crystals were confirmed to have at least
seven-nines (7 N) purity (99.99999%) by secondary ion mass spectrometry [36]; 7 N
purity is equivalent to 0.1 ppm by volume.
Fig. 9.2 a Photographs of single crystals of C 60 , H 2 Pc (metal-free phthalocyanine), 6 T (sexithiophene), and rubrene. b Three-component evaporation system with a rotating shutter for dopants.
The chemical structures of rubrene (molecule D), C 60 (molecule A), and dopant molecules (MoO 3 ,
Fe 2 Cl 3 , and Cs 2 CO 3 ) are also shown. AFM image (5 μm × 5 μm) of a 100 ppm Fe 2 Cl 3 -doped
rubrene single crystal is shown at the substrate position. c A photograph of a rotating shutter having
a slit with an aperture ratio of 1/10. Reproduced with permission from M. Hiramoto et al., Adv.
Mater., Copyright 2018 John Wiley and Sons
M. Hiramoto
1 and 0.1 atm (Fig. 9.2a) [35]. C 60 single crystals were confirmed to have at least
seven-nines (7 N) purity (99.99999%) by secondary ion mass spectrometry [36]; 7 N
purity is equivalent to 0.1 ppm by volume.
Fig. 9.2 a Photographs of single crystals of C 60 , H 2 Pc (metal-free phthalocyanine), 6 T (sexithiophene), and rubrene. b Three-component evaporation system with a rotating shutter for dopants.
The chemical structures of rubrene (molecule D), C 60 (molecule A), and dopant molecules (MoO 3 ,
Fe 2 Cl 3 , and Cs 2 CO 3 ) are also shown. AFM image (5 μm × 5 μm) of a 100 ppm Fe 2 Cl 3 -doped
rubrene single crystal is shown at the substrate position. c A photograph of a rotating shutter having
a slit with an aperture ratio of 1/10. Reproduced with permission from M. Hiramoto et al., Adv.
Mater., Copyright 2018 John Wiley and Sons