Nano-Porous Graphene as Free-Standing Membranes
85
192. Safron NS, Kim M, Gopalan P, Arnold MS (2012) Barrier-guided growth of micro-and nanostructured graphene. Adv Mater 24:1041–1045. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104195
193. Kidambi PR, Ducati C, Dlubak B, Gardiner D, Weatherup RS, Martin M-B, Seneor P,
Coles H, Hofmann S (2012) The parameter space of graphene chemical vapor deposition
on polycrystalline Cu. J Phys Chem C 116:22492–22501. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp303597m
194. Wei D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Huang L, Yu G (2009) Synthesis of N-doped graphene by
chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties. Nano Lett 9:1752–1758. https://doi.
org/10.1021/nl803279t
195. Blankenburg S, Bieri M, Fasel R, Müllen K, Pignedoli CA, Passerone D (2010) Porous
graphene as an atmospheric nanofilter. Small 6:2266–2271. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201
001126
196. Zhang H, He X, Zhao M, Zhang M, Zhao L, Feng X, Luo Y (2012) Tunable hydrogen
separation in sp–sp2 hybridized carbon membranes: a first-principles prediction. J Phys Chem
C 116:16634–16638. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp304908p
197. Xue M, Qiu H, Guo W (2013) Exceptionally fast water desalination at complete salt rejection
by pristine graphyne monolayers. Nanotechnology 24: https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/
50/505720
198. Lin S, Buehler MJ (2013) Mechanics and molecular filtration performance of graphyne
nanoweb membranes for selective water purification. Nanoscale 5:11801–11807. https://doi.
org/10.1039/c3nr03241h
199. Kou J, Zhou X, Chen Y, Lu H, Wu F, Fan J (2013) Water permeation through single-layer
graphyne membrane. J Chem Phys 139: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4817596
200. Peng Q, Dearden AK, Crean J, Han L, Liu S, Wen X, De S (2014) New materials graphyne,
graphdiyne, graphone, and graphane: review of properties, synthesis, and application in
nanotechnology. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 7:1. https://doi.org/10.2147/nsa.s40324
201. Li G, Li Y, Liu H, Guo Y, Li Y, Zhu D (2010) Architecture of graphdiyne nanoscale films.
Chem Commun 46:3256–3258. https://doi.org/10.1039/b922733d
202. Cai SL, Zhang WG, Zuckermann RN, Li ZT, Zhao X, Liu Y (2015) The organic flatland—
recent advances in synthetic 2D organic layers. Adv Mater 27:5762–5770. https://doi.org/10.
1002/adma.201500124
203. Yuan Z, Benck JD, Eatmon Y, Blankschtein D, Strano MS (2018) Stable, temperaturedependent gas mixture permeation and separation through suspended nanoporous singlelayer graphene membranes. Nano Lett 18:5057–5069. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.
8b01866.s001
204. Ang EY, Toh W, Yeo J, Lin R, Liu Z, Geethalakshmi K, Ng TY (2020) A review on low
dimensional carbon desalination and gas separation membrane designs. J Membr Sci 598:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117785
205. Qin Y, Hu Y, Koehler S, Cai L, Wen J, Tan X, Xu WL, Sheng Q, Hou X, Xue J (2017)
Ultrafast nanofiltration through large-area single-layered graphene membranes. ACS Appl
Mater Interfaces 9:9239–9244. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00504
206. Park J, Bazylewski P, Fanchini G (2016) Porous graphene-based membranes for water purification from metal ions at low differential pressures. Nanoscale 8:9563–9571. https://doi.org/
10.1039/c5nr09278g
207. Tincu B, Avram M, Avram A, Tutunaru O, Tucureanu V, Matei A, Burinaru T, Comanescu F,
Demetrescu I (2020) Progress and control in development of single layer graphene membranes.
Vacuum 175: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109269
208. Yang Y, Yang X, Liang L, Gao Y, Cheng H, Li X, Zou M, Ma R, Yuan Q, Duan X (2019)
Large-area graphene-nanomesh/carbon-nanotube hybrid membranes for ionic and molecular
nanofiltration. Science 364:1057–1062. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5321
209. Huang S, Dakhchoune M, Luo W, Oveisi E, He G, Rezaei M, Zhao J, Alexander DT, Züttel A,
Strano MS (2018) Single-layer graphene membranes by crack-free transfer for gas mixture
separation. Nature Commun 9:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04904-3
210. Wang L, Williams CM, Boutilier MS, Kidambi PR, Karnik R (2017) Single-layer graphene
membranes withstand ultrahigh applied pressure. Nano Lett 17:3081–3088. https://doi.org/
10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00442
85
192. Safron NS, Kim M, Gopalan P, Arnold MS (2012) Barrier-guided growth of micro-and nanostructured graphene. Adv Mater 24:1041–1045. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104195
193. Kidambi PR, Ducati C, Dlubak B, Gardiner D, Weatherup RS, Martin M-B, Seneor P,
Coles H, Hofmann S (2012) The parameter space of graphene chemical vapor deposition
on polycrystalline Cu. J Phys Chem C 116:22492–22501. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp303597m
194. Wei D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Huang L, Yu G (2009) Synthesis of N-doped graphene by
chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties. Nano Lett 9:1752–1758. https://doi.
org/10.1021/nl803279t
195. Blankenburg S, Bieri M, Fasel R, Müllen K, Pignedoli CA, Passerone D (2010) Porous
graphene as an atmospheric nanofilter. Small 6:2266–2271. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201
001126
196. Zhang H, He X, Zhao M, Zhang M, Zhao L, Feng X, Luo Y (2012) Tunable hydrogen
separation in sp–sp2 hybridized carbon membranes: a first-principles prediction. J Phys Chem
C 116:16634–16638. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp304908p
197. Xue M, Qiu H, Guo W (2013) Exceptionally fast water desalination at complete salt rejection
by pristine graphyne monolayers. Nanotechnology 24: https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/
50/505720
198. Lin S, Buehler MJ (2013) Mechanics and molecular filtration performance of graphyne
nanoweb membranes for selective water purification. Nanoscale 5:11801–11807. https://doi.
org/10.1039/c3nr03241h
199. Kou J, Zhou X, Chen Y, Lu H, Wu F, Fan J (2013) Water permeation through single-layer
graphyne membrane. J Chem Phys 139: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4817596
200. Peng Q, Dearden AK, Crean J, Han L, Liu S, Wen X, De S (2014) New materials graphyne,
graphdiyne, graphone, and graphane: review of properties, synthesis, and application in
nanotechnology. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 7:1. https://doi.org/10.2147/nsa.s40324
201. Li G, Li Y, Liu H, Guo Y, Li Y, Zhu D (2010) Architecture of graphdiyne nanoscale films.
Chem Commun 46:3256–3258. https://doi.org/10.1039/b922733d
202. Cai SL, Zhang WG, Zuckermann RN, Li ZT, Zhao X, Liu Y (2015) The organic flatland—
recent advances in synthetic 2D organic layers. Adv Mater 27:5762–5770. https://doi.org/10.
1002/adma.201500124
203. Yuan Z, Benck JD, Eatmon Y, Blankschtein D, Strano MS (2018) Stable, temperaturedependent gas mixture permeation and separation through suspended nanoporous singlelayer graphene membranes. Nano Lett 18:5057–5069. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.
8b01866.s001
204. Ang EY, Toh W, Yeo J, Lin R, Liu Z, Geethalakshmi K, Ng TY (2020) A review on low
dimensional carbon desalination and gas separation membrane designs. J Membr Sci 598:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117785
205. Qin Y, Hu Y, Koehler S, Cai L, Wen J, Tan X, Xu WL, Sheng Q, Hou X, Xue J (2017)
Ultrafast nanofiltration through large-area single-layered graphene membranes. ACS Appl
Mater Interfaces 9:9239–9244. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00504
206. Park J, Bazylewski P, Fanchini G (2016) Porous graphene-based membranes for water purification from metal ions at low differential pressures. Nanoscale 8:9563–9571. https://doi.org/
10.1039/c5nr09278g
207. Tincu B, Avram M, Avram A, Tutunaru O, Tucureanu V, Matei A, Burinaru T, Comanescu F,
Demetrescu I (2020) Progress and control in development of single layer graphene membranes.
Vacuum 175: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109269
208. Yang Y, Yang X, Liang L, Gao Y, Cheng H, Li X, Zou M, Ma R, Yuan Q, Duan X (2019)
Large-area graphene-nanomesh/carbon-nanotube hybrid membranes for ionic and molecular
nanofiltration. Science 364:1057–1062. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5321
209. Huang S, Dakhchoune M, Luo W, Oveisi E, He G, Rezaei M, Zhao J, Alexander DT, Züttel A,
Strano MS (2018) Single-layer graphene membranes by crack-free transfer for gas mixture
separation. Nature Commun 9:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04904-3
210. Wang L, Williams CM, Boutilier MS, Kidambi PR, Karnik R (2017) Single-layer graphene
membranes withstand ultrahigh applied pressure. Nano Lett 17:3081–3088. https://doi.org/
10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00442