84
A. S. Kazemi and M. A. Abdol
174. Garaj S, Hubbard W, Reina A, Kong J, Branton D, Golovchenko J (2010) Graphene as a
subnanometre trans-electrode membrane. Nature 467:190–193. https://doi.org/10.1038/nat
ure09379
175. Lehtinen O, Kotakoski J, Krasheninnikov A, Tolvanen A, Nordlund K, Keinonen J (2010)
Effects of ion bombardment on a two-dimensional target: atomistic simulations of graphene
irradiation. Physical review B 81: https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.81.153401
176. Kuan AT, Lu B, Xie P, Szalay T, Golovchenko JA (2015) Electrical pulse fabrication of
graphene nanopores in electrolyte solution. Appl Phys Lett 106: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.
4921620
177. Feng J, Liu K, Graf M, Lihter M, Bulushev RD, Dumcenco D, Alexander DT, Krasnozhon
D, Vuletic T, Kis A (2015) Electrochemical reaction in single layer MoS 2 : nanopores opened
atom by atom. Nano Lett 15:3431–3438. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00768
178. Standop S, Lehtinen O, Herbig C, Lewes-Malandrakis G, Craes F, Kotakoski J, Michely
T, Krasheninnikov AV, Busse C (2013) Ion impacts on graphene/Ir (111): interface channeling, vacancy funnels, and a nanomesh. Nano Lett 13:1948–1955. https://doi.org/10.1021/
nl304659n
179. Moreno C, Vilas-Varela M, Kretz B, Garcia-Lekue A, Costache MV, Paradinas M, Panighel
M, Ceballos G, Valenzuela SO, Peña D (2018) Bottom-up synthesis of multifunctional
nanoporous graphene. Science 360:199–203. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2009
180. Xie G, Yang R, Chen P, Zhang J, Tian X, Wu S, Zhao J, Cheng M, Yang W, Wang D (2014) A
general route towards defect and pore engineering in graphene. Small 10:2280–2284. https://
doi.org/10.1002/smll.201303671
181. Zandiatashbar A, Lee G-H, An SJ, Lee S, Mathew N, Terrones M, Hayashi T, Picu CR, Hone
J, Koratkar N (2014) Effect of defects on the intrinsic strength and stiffness of graphene.
Nature communications 5:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4186
182. Bagri A, Grantab R, Medhekar N, Shenoy V (2010) Stability and formation mechanisms of
carbonyl-and hydroxyl-decorated holes in graphene oxide. J Phys Chem C 114:12053–12061.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp908801c
183. Tracz A, Wegner G, Rabe JP (2003) Scanning tunneling microscopy study of graphite
oxidation in ozone − air mixtures. Langmuir 19:6807–6812. https://doi.org/10.1021/la0
34103h
184. Liu L, Ryu S, Tomasik MR, Stolyarova E, Jung N, Hybertsen MS, Steigerwald ML, Brus
LE, Flynn GW (2008) Graphene oxidation: thickness-dependent etching and strong chemical
doping. Nano Lett 8:1965–1970. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0808684
185. Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, Radenovic A (2015) Identification of single nucleotides in MoS 2 nanopores. Nat Nanotechnol 10:1070–1076. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nnano.2015.219
186. He K, Robertson AW, Gong C, Allen CS, Xu Q, Zandbergen H, Grossman JC, Kirkland AI,
Warner JH (2015) Controlled formation of closed-edge nanopores in graphene. Nanoscale
7:11602–11610. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr02277k
187. Fischbein MD, Drndi´ c M (2008) Electron beam nanosculpting of suspended graphene sheets.
Appl Phys Lett 93: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2980518
188. Safron NS, Brewer AS, Arnold MS (2011) Semiconducting two-dimensional graphene
nanoconstriction arrays. Small 7:492–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201001193
189. Zhang J, Song H, Zeng D, Wang H, Qin Z, Xu K, Pang A, Xie C (2016) Facile synthesis
of diverse graphene nanomeshes based on simultaneous regulation of pore size and surface
structure. Scientific Reports 6:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32310
190. Cun H, Iannuzzi M, Hemmi A, Osterwalder Jr, Greber T (2014) Two-nanometer voids in
single-layer hexagonal boron nitride: formation via the “can-opener” effect and annihilation
by self-healing. ACS Nano 8:7423–7431. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502645w
191. Liu X, Feng H, Zhang J, Zhao R, Liu X, Wong DK (2012) Hydrogen peroxide detection at a horseradish peroxidase biosensor with a Au nanoparticle–dotted titanate nanotube|
hydrophobic ionic liquid scaffold. Biosens Bioelectron 32:188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.bios.2011.12.002
A. S. Kazemi and M. A. Abdol
174. Garaj S, Hubbard W, Reina A, Kong J, Branton D, Golovchenko J (2010) Graphene as a
subnanometre trans-electrode membrane. Nature 467:190–193. https://doi.org/10.1038/nat
ure09379
175. Lehtinen O, Kotakoski J, Krasheninnikov A, Tolvanen A, Nordlund K, Keinonen J (2010)
Effects of ion bombardment on a two-dimensional target: atomistic simulations of graphene
irradiation. Physical review B 81: https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.81.153401
176. Kuan AT, Lu B, Xie P, Szalay T, Golovchenko JA (2015) Electrical pulse fabrication of
graphene nanopores in electrolyte solution. Appl Phys Lett 106: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.
4921620
177. Feng J, Liu K, Graf M, Lihter M, Bulushev RD, Dumcenco D, Alexander DT, Krasnozhon
D, Vuletic T, Kis A (2015) Electrochemical reaction in single layer MoS 2 : nanopores opened
atom by atom. Nano Lett 15:3431–3438. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00768
178. Standop S, Lehtinen O, Herbig C, Lewes-Malandrakis G, Craes F, Kotakoski J, Michely
T, Krasheninnikov AV, Busse C (2013) Ion impacts on graphene/Ir (111): interface channeling, vacancy funnels, and a nanomesh. Nano Lett 13:1948–1955. https://doi.org/10.1021/
nl304659n
179. Moreno C, Vilas-Varela M, Kretz B, Garcia-Lekue A, Costache MV, Paradinas M, Panighel
M, Ceballos G, Valenzuela SO, Peña D (2018) Bottom-up synthesis of multifunctional
nanoporous graphene. Science 360:199–203. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2009
180. Xie G, Yang R, Chen P, Zhang J, Tian X, Wu S, Zhao J, Cheng M, Yang W, Wang D (2014) A
general route towards defect and pore engineering in graphene. Small 10:2280–2284. https://
doi.org/10.1002/smll.201303671
181. Zandiatashbar A, Lee G-H, An SJ, Lee S, Mathew N, Terrones M, Hayashi T, Picu CR, Hone
J, Koratkar N (2014) Effect of defects on the intrinsic strength and stiffness of graphene.
Nature communications 5:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4186
182. Bagri A, Grantab R, Medhekar N, Shenoy V (2010) Stability and formation mechanisms of
carbonyl-and hydroxyl-decorated holes in graphene oxide. J Phys Chem C 114:12053–12061.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp908801c
183. Tracz A, Wegner G, Rabe JP (2003) Scanning tunneling microscopy study of graphite
oxidation in ozone − air mixtures. Langmuir 19:6807–6812. https://doi.org/10.1021/la0
34103h
184. Liu L, Ryu S, Tomasik MR, Stolyarova E, Jung N, Hybertsen MS, Steigerwald ML, Brus
LE, Flynn GW (2008) Graphene oxidation: thickness-dependent etching and strong chemical
doping. Nano Lett 8:1965–1970. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0808684
185. Feng J, Liu K, Bulushev RD, Khlybov S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, Radenovic A (2015) Identification of single nucleotides in MoS 2 nanopores. Nat Nanotechnol 10:1070–1076. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nnano.2015.219
186. He K, Robertson AW, Gong C, Allen CS, Xu Q, Zandbergen H, Grossman JC, Kirkland AI,
Warner JH (2015) Controlled formation of closed-edge nanopores in graphene. Nanoscale
7:11602–11610. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr02277k
187. Fischbein MD, Drndi´ c M (2008) Electron beam nanosculpting of suspended graphene sheets.
Appl Phys Lett 93: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2980518
188. Safron NS, Brewer AS, Arnold MS (2011) Semiconducting two-dimensional graphene
nanoconstriction arrays. Small 7:492–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201001193
189. Zhang J, Song H, Zeng D, Wang H, Qin Z, Xu K, Pang A, Xie C (2016) Facile synthesis
of diverse graphene nanomeshes based on simultaneous regulation of pore size and surface
structure. Scientific Reports 6:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32310
190. Cun H, Iannuzzi M, Hemmi A, Osterwalder Jr, Greber T (2014) Two-nanometer voids in
single-layer hexagonal boron nitride: formation via the “can-opener” effect and annihilation
by self-healing. ACS Nano 8:7423–7431. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502645w
191. Liu X, Feng H, Zhang J, Zhao R, Liu X, Wong DK (2012) Hydrogen peroxide detection at a horseradish peroxidase biosensor with a Au nanoparticle–dotted titanate nanotube|
hydrophobic ionic liquid scaffold. Biosens Bioelectron 32:188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.bios.2011.12.002