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81. ElMekawy A, Hegab HM, Pant D (2014) A Review on the Near-Future Integration of Microbial Desalination Cell with Reverse Osmosis Technology. Energy Environ Sci 7:3921–3933.
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82. Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2010) The rise of graphene. World Scientific 11–19. https://doi.
org/10.1142/9789814287005_0002
83. Bunch JS, Verbridge SS, Alden JS, Van Der Zande AM, Parpia JM, Craighead HG, McEuen
PL (2008) Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets. Nano Lett 8:2458–2462.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl801457b
84. Chen Y, Zou J, Campbell SJ, Le Caer G (2004) Boron nitride nanotubes: pronounced resistance
to oxidation. Appl Phys Lett 84:2430–2432. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1667278
85. Mohammad AW, Teow Y, Ang W, Chung Y, Oatley-Radcliffe D, Hilal N (2015) Nanofiltration
membranes review: recent advances and future prospects. Desalination 356:226–254. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.043
86. Zhao D, Yu S (2015) A review of recent advance in fouling mitigation of NF/RO membranes in
water treatment: pretreatment, membrane modification, and chemical cleaning. Desalination
Water Treatment 55:870–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.928804
87. Buonomenna MG (2013) Membrane processes for a sustainable industrial growth. RSC
advances 3:5694–5740. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra22580h
88. Ghosh AK, Hoek EM (2009) Impacts of support membrane structure and chemistry on
polyamide–polysulfone interfacial composite membranes. J Membr Sci 336:140–148. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.03.024
89. Singh PS, Joshi S, Trivedi J, Devmurari C, Rao AP, Ghosh P (2006) Probing the structural
variations of thin film composite RO membranes obtained by coating polyamide over polysulfone membranes of different pore dimensions. J Membr Sci 278:19–25. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.memsci.2005.10.039
90. McCutcheon JR, Elimelech M (2008) Influence of membrane support layer hydrophobicity
on water flux in osmotically driven membrane processes. J Membr Sci 318:458–466. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.021
91. Baker R (2004) Ion exchange membrane processes—electrodialysis. Membrane technology
and applications, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York. doi 10:9781118359686. https://doi.org/10.1002/
0470020393.ch10
92. Kim HI, Kim SS (2006) Plasma treatment of polypropylene and polysulfone supports for
thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane. J Membr Sci 286:193–201. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.memsci.2006.09.037
93. Tiraferri A, Yip NY, Phillip WA, Schiffman JD, Elimelech M (2011) Relating performance
of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes to support layer formation and structure.
J Membr Sci 367:340–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.014
94. Fugallo G, Cepellotti A, Paulatto L, Lazzeri M, Marzari N, Mauri F (2014) Thermal conductivity of graphene and graphite: collective excitations and mean free paths. Nano Lett
14:6109–6114. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl502059f
95. Joshi R, Carbone P, Wang F-C, Kravets VG, Su Y, Grigorieva IV, Wu H, Geim AK, Nair RR
(2014) Precise and ultrafast molecular sieving through graphene oxide membranes. Science
343:752–754. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1245711
96. Nair R, Wu H, Jayaram P, Grigorieva I, Geim A (2012) Unimpeded permeation of water
through helium-leak–tight graphene-based membranes. Science 335:442–444. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1211694
97. Mi B (2014) Graphene oxide membranes for ionic and molecular sieving. Science 343:740–
742. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1250247
98. Cohen-Tanugi D, Grossman JC (2012) Water desalination across nanoporous graphene. Nano
Lett 12:3602–3608. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl3012853
99. Cohen-Tanugi D, Lin L-C, Grossman JC (2016) Multilayer nanoporous graphene membranes
for water desalination. Nano Lett 16:1027–1033. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b0
4089
79
81. ElMekawy A, Hegab HM, Pant D (2014) A Review on the Near-Future Integration of Microbial Desalination Cell with Reverse Osmosis Technology. Energy Environ Sci 7:3921–3933.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ee02208d
82. Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2010) The rise of graphene. World Scientific 11–19. https://doi.
org/10.1142/9789814287005_0002
83. Bunch JS, Verbridge SS, Alden JS, Van Der Zande AM, Parpia JM, Craighead HG, McEuen
PL (2008) Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets. Nano Lett 8:2458–2462.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl801457b
84. Chen Y, Zou J, Campbell SJ, Le Caer G (2004) Boron nitride nanotubes: pronounced resistance
to oxidation. Appl Phys Lett 84:2430–2432. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1667278
85. Mohammad AW, Teow Y, Ang W, Chung Y, Oatley-Radcliffe D, Hilal N (2015) Nanofiltration
membranes review: recent advances and future prospects. Desalination 356:226–254. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.043
86. Zhao D, Yu S (2015) A review of recent advance in fouling mitigation of NF/RO membranes in
water treatment: pretreatment, membrane modification, and chemical cleaning. Desalination
Water Treatment 55:870–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.928804
87. Buonomenna MG (2013) Membrane processes for a sustainable industrial growth. RSC
advances 3:5694–5740. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra22580h
88. Ghosh AK, Hoek EM (2009) Impacts of support membrane structure and chemistry on
polyamide–polysulfone interfacial composite membranes. J Membr Sci 336:140–148. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.03.024
89. Singh PS, Joshi S, Trivedi J, Devmurari C, Rao AP, Ghosh P (2006) Probing the structural
variations of thin film composite RO membranes obtained by coating polyamide over polysulfone membranes of different pore dimensions. J Membr Sci 278:19–25. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.memsci.2005.10.039
90. McCutcheon JR, Elimelech M (2008) Influence of membrane support layer hydrophobicity
on water flux in osmotically driven membrane processes. J Membr Sci 318:458–466. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.021
91. Baker R (2004) Ion exchange membrane processes—electrodialysis. Membrane technology
and applications, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York. doi 10:9781118359686. https://doi.org/10.1002/
0470020393.ch10
92. Kim HI, Kim SS (2006) Plasma treatment of polypropylene and polysulfone supports for
thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane. J Membr Sci 286:193–201. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.memsci.2006.09.037
93. Tiraferri A, Yip NY, Phillip WA, Schiffman JD, Elimelech M (2011) Relating performance
of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes to support layer formation and structure.
J Membr Sci 367:340–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.014
94. Fugallo G, Cepellotti A, Paulatto L, Lazzeri M, Marzari N, Mauri F (2014) Thermal conductivity of graphene and graphite: collective excitations and mean free paths. Nano Lett
14:6109–6114. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl502059f
95. Joshi R, Carbone P, Wang F-C, Kravets VG, Su Y, Grigorieva IV, Wu H, Geim AK, Nair RR
(2014) Precise and ultrafast molecular sieving through graphene oxide membranes. Science
343:752–754. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1245711
96. Nair R, Wu H, Jayaram P, Grigorieva I, Geim A (2012) Unimpeded permeation of water
through helium-leak–tight graphene-based membranes. Science 335:442–444. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1211694
97. Mi B (2014) Graphene oxide membranes for ionic and molecular sieving. Science 343:740–
742. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1250247
98. Cohen-Tanugi D, Grossman JC (2012) Water desalination across nanoporous graphene. Nano
Lett 12:3602–3608. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl3012853
99. Cohen-Tanugi D, Lin L-C, Grossman JC (2016) Multilayer nanoporous graphene membranes
for water desalination. Nano Lett 16:1027–1033. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b0
4089