69
of Turkmenistan, aims to utilize the country’s natural resources in order to develop
the country. Thus, he prepared the “Political, Economic and Cultural Development
Strategy to 2020,” which was elaborated during Berdimukhamedov’s administration to the oil and gas sector’s to be titled the “2030 Development Plan.” This plan
has two strategic priorities. The first is to guarantee that Turkmen energy sources
can enter new markets, including markets of refined products, by means of a multivector gas transportation system. The second strategy is to implement contemporary
technologies so that oil and gas productions can be enhanced. The Turkmen government accepts that importing expertise and machinery to explore and deep-drill is
essential in order to meet production objectives (Arınç and Elik 2010:165).
Turkmenistan suffered from a serious lack of competent export routes for exporting natural gas from independence to 2005, as well as from required obligation on
broad short-term external debt (Montgomery 2012:29). In recent years, due to high
demand for natural gas, gas price increased, economic growth of the world’s major
energy consumer such as India and China, Turkmenistan’s natural gas increased
(Montgomery 2012:29).
During that period Turkmenistan started to export gas vie tow pipeline,
Turkmenistan–Iran pipeline, and Turkmenistan–China pipeline. New pipelines with
new gas export volume increased the state’s revenue and venues for gas transport
(Montgomery 2012:29). During Turkmenistan’s former president, Niyazov visit to
China he signed an agreement with Chinese Premier Hu Jianto over exporting annually 30 bcm natural gas to China. According to this agreement both parties agreed
on the construction of a 3000 km pipeline to deliver gas to China and at that time
they expected to complete the pipeline by 2009. China and Turkmenistan together
financed the project and this project has not faced a financial problem (Moran and
Russell 2009:165). After the death of President Nyazov, Russia maximized its strategic influence in Turkmenistan and also prospect more lock-up access to Turkmen
gas (Moran and Russell 2009:165). Russia was successful to access its goals after
the death of Nyazov, not only did not end strategic relations Gazprom with the new
administration but also was able to increase its presence in Central Asia (Moran and
Russell 2009:165).
In addition to the five littoral states of the Caspian sea, other regional and global
powers are interested to present in the region and trying to preserve their own interest in the region by using all political, economic, objectives. In the first part of this
chapter, we tried to explain the Caspian policy of every littoral state and in the second part of this chapter energy and foreign policy of these actors will be explained.
US energy diplomacy in the region in the Bush and Obama era will be discussed in
the next chapter in detail. Access to energy resources and increasing domestic
energy demand is the main reason why regional and global actors are interested in
the region.
Turkmenistan
of Turkmenistan, aims to utilize the country’s natural resources in order to develop
the country. Thus, he prepared the “Political, Economic and Cultural Development
Strategy to 2020,” which was elaborated during Berdimukhamedov’s administration to the oil and gas sector’s to be titled the “2030 Development Plan.” This plan
has two strategic priorities. The first is to guarantee that Turkmen energy sources
can enter new markets, including markets of refined products, by means of a multivector gas transportation system. The second strategy is to implement contemporary
technologies so that oil and gas productions can be enhanced. The Turkmen government accepts that importing expertise and machinery to explore and deep-drill is
essential in order to meet production objectives (Arınç and Elik 2010:165).
Turkmenistan suffered from a serious lack of competent export routes for exporting natural gas from independence to 2005, as well as from required obligation on
broad short-term external debt (Montgomery 2012:29). In recent years, due to high
demand for natural gas, gas price increased, economic growth of the world’s major
energy consumer such as India and China, Turkmenistan’s natural gas increased
(Montgomery 2012:29).
During that period Turkmenistan started to export gas vie tow pipeline,
Turkmenistan–Iran pipeline, and Turkmenistan–China pipeline. New pipelines with
new gas export volume increased the state’s revenue and venues for gas transport
(Montgomery 2012:29). During Turkmenistan’s former president, Niyazov visit to
China he signed an agreement with Chinese Premier Hu Jianto over exporting annually 30 bcm natural gas to China. According to this agreement both parties agreed
on the construction of a 3000 km pipeline to deliver gas to China and at that time
they expected to complete the pipeline by 2009. China and Turkmenistan together
financed the project and this project has not faced a financial problem (Moran and
Russell 2009:165). After the death of President Nyazov, Russia maximized its strategic influence in Turkmenistan and also prospect more lock-up access to Turkmen
gas (Moran and Russell 2009:165). Russia was successful to access its goals after
the death of Nyazov, not only did not end strategic relations Gazprom with the new
administration but also was able to increase its presence in Central Asia (Moran and
Russell 2009:165).
In addition to the five littoral states of the Caspian sea, other regional and global
powers are interested to present in the region and trying to preserve their own interest in the region by using all political, economic, objectives. In the first part of this
chapter, we tried to explain the Caspian policy of every littoral state and in the second part of this chapter energy and foreign policy of these actors will be explained.
US energy diplomacy in the region in the Bush and Obama era will be discussed in
the next chapter in detail. Access to energy resources and increasing domestic
energy demand is the main reason why regional and global actors are interested in
the region.
Turkmenistan