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universe generates soft power and tough power in order to achieve its goals and
obtain its own variables. In the sense that a successful economic model not only
creates military resources for hard power, it also can attract others to imitate their
pattern. The soft power of the European Union at the end of the Cold War and the
soft power of China in the present era has improved with the success of their economic models. A successful large economy not only produces hard power resources
but also attracts soft power of course, not all governments are able to create equal
capacities in gaining geo-economic power, and all governments also have the
power to not use this form. In fact, there are structural characteristics and special
geo-economic talents that determine and impose the possibility of states benefiting
from geo-mechanical tools (Blackwill and Robert 2016:77).
Energy Security and Geo-Economy
The complexity of the concept of energy security is due to the fact that energy is
somewhere between geopolitics and geo-economics, and, accordingly, each of the
actors of the international system, with due regard to its national interests, and taking advantage of their security objectives, have appropriate goals and priorities and
by identifying appropriate strategies, they seek to secure their energy security.
Therefore, security of energy is not a one-sided topic, limited to a particular state
and region, and is itself part of a larger model of relations between governments,
international organizations, and other non-state actors. Hence, the concept of energy
security is related to the interests of all actors and reflects the approach of all intervening factors. For example, from the standpoint of the European Commission,
which reflects the interests of major energy consumers, energy security is equivalent
to “supply security.” Security must be achieved through proper economic performance, unrestricted physical access, reasonable prices, and environmental considerations. In the commission’s view, security of supply does not mean finding ways to
maximize self-sufficiency and minimizing dependency; rather, it aims to reduce the
risks associated with dependence (Sovacool 2010:38).
The decline in the income of these states can be seen as a stimulus to political
and social unrest because in many of these countries commodities and services,
including fuel, education, and health, are particularly subsidized that these subsidies
form a social contract between the government and people and is always used as a
safeguard to prevent people from rising against the government. For example, in the
Arab Spring of 2011, several Arab governments in the Persian Gulf resorted to
increasing social budgets to prevent the spread of social unrest in their countries or
Bahrain, for example, paid about $3000 per family to prevent and suppress chaos
(Taheri and RostamAghai 2016:176).
The volatility of oil prices in the late twentieth century caused a lot of disruption
to the global oil market and, consequently, to the global economy, causing major oil
producers to suffer more than any other group because the crude oil price index has
always been subject to changes, and these fluctuations not only affect the market for
India
universe generates soft power and tough power in order to achieve its goals and
obtain its own variables. In the sense that a successful economic model not only
creates military resources for hard power, it also can attract others to imitate their
pattern. The soft power of the European Union at the end of the Cold War and the
soft power of China in the present era has improved with the success of their economic models. A successful large economy not only produces hard power resources
but also attracts soft power of course, not all governments are able to create equal
capacities in gaining geo-economic power, and all governments also have the
power to not use this form. In fact, there are structural characteristics and special
geo-economic talents that determine and impose the possibility of states benefiting
from geo-mechanical tools (Blackwill and Robert 2016:77).
Energy Security and Geo-Economy
The complexity of the concept of energy security is due to the fact that energy is
somewhere between geopolitics and geo-economics, and, accordingly, each of the
actors of the international system, with due regard to its national interests, and taking advantage of their security objectives, have appropriate goals and priorities and
by identifying appropriate strategies, they seek to secure their energy security.
Therefore, security of energy is not a one-sided topic, limited to a particular state
and region, and is itself part of a larger model of relations between governments,
international organizations, and other non-state actors. Hence, the concept of energy
security is related to the interests of all actors and reflects the approach of all intervening factors. For example, from the standpoint of the European Commission,
which reflects the interests of major energy consumers, energy security is equivalent
to “supply security.” Security must be achieved through proper economic performance, unrestricted physical access, reasonable prices, and environmental considerations. In the commission’s view, security of supply does not mean finding ways to
maximize self-sufficiency and minimizing dependency; rather, it aims to reduce the
risks associated with dependence (Sovacool 2010:38).
The decline in the income of these states can be seen as a stimulus to political
and social unrest because in many of these countries commodities and services,
including fuel, education, and health, are particularly subsidized that these subsidies
form a social contract between the government and people and is always used as a
safeguard to prevent people from rising against the government. For example, in the
Arab Spring of 2011, several Arab governments in the Persian Gulf resorted to
increasing social budgets to prevent the spread of social unrest in their countries or
Bahrain, for example, paid about $3000 per family to prevent and suppress chaos
(Taheri and RostamAghai 2016:176).
The volatility of oil prices in the late twentieth century caused a lot of disruption
to the global oil market and, consequently, to the global economy, causing major oil
producers to suffer more than any other group because the crude oil price index has
always been subject to changes, and these fluctuations not only affect the market for
India