26. Jhong HR, Ma S, Kenis PJA (2013) Electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to useful chemicals:
current status, remaining challenges, and future opportunities. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2:191–
199
27. Clark ML, Grice KA, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Kubiak CP (2014) Electrocatalytic CO 2
reduction by M(bpy–R) (CO) 4 (M = Mo, W; R = H, tBu) complexes. electrochemical,
spectroscopic and computational studies and comparison with group 7 catalysts. Chem Sci
5:1894–1900
28. Kopljar D, Inan A, Vindayer P, Wagner N, Klemm E (2014) Electrochemical reduction of
CO 2 to formate at high current density using gas diffusion electrodes. J Appl Electrochem
44:1107–1116
29. Lu X, Leung DY, Wang H, Leung MK, Xuan J (2014) Electrochemical reduction of carbon
dioxide to formic acid. ChemElectroChem 1:836–849
30. Qiao J, Liu Y, Hong F, Zhang J (2014) A review of catalysts for the electroreduction of
carbon dioxide to produce low carbon fuels. Chem Soc Rev 43(2):631–675
31. Martín AJ, Larrazábal GO, Pérez-Ramírez J (2015) Towards sustainable fuels and chemicals
through the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 : lessons from water electrolysis. Green Chem
17:5114–5130
32. Pletcher D (2015) The cathodic reduction of carbon dioxide—what can it realistically
achieve? a mini review. Electrochem Commun 61:97–101
33. Yoo JS, Christensen R, Vegge T, Nørskov JK, Studt F (2016) Theoretical Insight into the
trends that guide the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid.
Chemsuschem 9:358–363
34. Morris AJ, Meyer GJ, Fujita E (2009) Molecular approaches to the photocatalytic reduction
of carbon dioxide for solar fuels. Acc Chem Res 42:1983–1994
35. Doherty MD, Grills DC, Muckerman JT, Polyansky DE (2010) Toward more efficient
photochemical CO 2 reduction: Use of scCO 2 or photogenerated hydrides. Coord Chem Rev
254:2472–2482
36. Takeda H, Ishitani O (2010) Development of efficient photocatalytic systems for CO2
reduction using mononuclear and multinuclear metal complexes based on mechanistic
studies. Coord Chem Rev 254:346–354
37. Tamaki Y, Morimoto T, Koike K, Ishitani O (2012) Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction with high
turnover frequency and selectivity of formic acid formation using Ru(II) multinuclear
complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:15673–15678
38. Izumi Y (2013) Recent advances in the photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels
with water and/or hydrogen using solar energy and beyond. Coord Chem Rev 257:171–186
39. Navalon S, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Garcia AMH (2013) Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction using
non-titanium metal oxides and sulfides. Chemsuschem 6:562–577
40. Oh Y, Hu X (2013) Organic molecules as mediators and catalysts for photocatalytic and
electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Chem Soc Rev 42:2253–2261
41. Das S, Daud WMAW (2014) Photocatalytic CO 2 transformation into fuel: a review on
advances in photocatalyst and photoreactor. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 39:765–805
42. Zhou X, Liu R, Sun K, Chen Y, Verlage E, Francis SA, Lewis NS, Xiang C (2016)
Solar-driven reduction of 1 atm of CO 2 to formate at 10% energy-conversion efficiency by
use of a TiO 2 -protected III-V tandem photoanode in conjunction with a bipolar membrane
and a Pd/C cathode. ACS Energy Lett 1:764–770
43. Nocera DG (2017) Solar fuels and solar chemicals industry. Acc Chem Res 50:616–619
44. Zhang B, Sun L (2019) Artificial photosynthesis: opportunities and challenges of molecular
catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 48:2216–2264
45. Graf E, Leitner W (1992) Direct formation of formic-acid from carbon-dioxide and
dihydrogen using the [(Rh(Cod)Cl) 2 ]Ph 2 P-(CH2) 4 PPh 2 catalyst system. J Chem Soc Chem
Commun 1992:623–624
46. Jessop PG, Ikariya T, Noyori R (1994) Homogeneous catalytic-hydrogenation of
supercritical carbon-dioxide. Nature 368:231–233
68
L. B. Maia et al.
current status, remaining challenges, and future opportunities. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2:191–
199
27. Clark ML, Grice KA, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Kubiak CP (2014) Electrocatalytic CO 2
reduction by M(bpy–R) (CO) 4 (M = Mo, W; R = H, tBu) complexes. electrochemical,
spectroscopic and computational studies and comparison with group 7 catalysts. Chem Sci
5:1894–1900
28. Kopljar D, Inan A, Vindayer P, Wagner N, Klemm E (2014) Electrochemical reduction of
CO 2 to formate at high current density using gas diffusion electrodes. J Appl Electrochem
44:1107–1116
29. Lu X, Leung DY, Wang H, Leung MK, Xuan J (2014) Electrochemical reduction of carbon
dioxide to formic acid. ChemElectroChem 1:836–849
30. Qiao J, Liu Y, Hong F, Zhang J (2014) A review of catalysts for the electroreduction of
carbon dioxide to produce low carbon fuels. Chem Soc Rev 43(2):631–675
31. Martín AJ, Larrazábal GO, Pérez-Ramírez J (2015) Towards sustainable fuels and chemicals
through the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 : lessons from water electrolysis. Green Chem
17:5114–5130
32. Pletcher D (2015) The cathodic reduction of carbon dioxide—what can it realistically
achieve? a mini review. Electrochem Commun 61:97–101
33. Yoo JS, Christensen R, Vegge T, Nørskov JK, Studt F (2016) Theoretical Insight into the
trends that guide the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid.
Chemsuschem 9:358–363
34. Morris AJ, Meyer GJ, Fujita E (2009) Molecular approaches to the photocatalytic reduction
of carbon dioxide for solar fuels. Acc Chem Res 42:1983–1994
35. Doherty MD, Grills DC, Muckerman JT, Polyansky DE (2010) Toward more efficient
photochemical CO 2 reduction: Use of scCO 2 or photogenerated hydrides. Coord Chem Rev
254:2472–2482
36. Takeda H, Ishitani O (2010) Development of efficient photocatalytic systems for CO2
reduction using mononuclear and multinuclear metal complexes based on mechanistic
studies. Coord Chem Rev 254:346–354
37. Tamaki Y, Morimoto T, Koike K, Ishitani O (2012) Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction with high
turnover frequency and selectivity of formic acid formation using Ru(II) multinuclear
complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:15673–15678
38. Izumi Y (2013) Recent advances in the photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels
with water and/or hydrogen using solar energy and beyond. Coord Chem Rev 257:171–186
39. Navalon S, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Garcia AMH (2013) Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction using
non-titanium metal oxides and sulfides. Chemsuschem 6:562–577
40. Oh Y, Hu X (2013) Organic molecules as mediators and catalysts for photocatalytic and
electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Chem Soc Rev 42:2253–2261
41. Das S, Daud WMAW (2014) Photocatalytic CO 2 transformation into fuel: a review on
advances in photocatalyst and photoreactor. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 39:765–805
42. Zhou X, Liu R, Sun K, Chen Y, Verlage E, Francis SA, Lewis NS, Xiang C (2016)
Solar-driven reduction of 1 atm of CO 2 to formate at 10% energy-conversion efficiency by
use of a TiO 2 -protected III-V tandem photoanode in conjunction with a bipolar membrane
and a Pd/C cathode. ACS Energy Lett 1:764–770
43. Nocera DG (2017) Solar fuels and solar chemicals industry. Acc Chem Res 50:616–619
44. Zhang B, Sun L (2019) Artificial photosynthesis: opportunities and challenges of molecular
catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 48:2216–2264
45. Graf E, Leitner W (1992) Direct formation of formic-acid from carbon-dioxide and
dihydrogen using the [(Rh(Cod)Cl) 2 ]Ph 2 P-(CH2) 4 PPh 2 catalyst system. J Chem Soc Chem
Commun 1992:623–624
46. Jessop PG, Ikariya T, Noyori R (1994) Homogeneous catalytic-hydrogenation of
supercritical carbon-dioxide. Nature 368:231–233
68
L. B. Maia et al.