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31 O. I. Micic; Y. Zhang; K. R.
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32 H. Gerischer; A. Heller, The role of
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33 C. M. Wang; A. Heller; H.
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34 H. Gerischer; A. Heller, Photocatalytic oxidation of organic molecules
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Single-Step Hydrogenations. Acc.
Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 20–30.
16 M. Lahav; A. N. Shipway; I.
Willner, Au-nanoparticle-bisbipyridinium cyclophane superstructures: assembly, characterization and
sensoric applications. Journal of the
Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions
2 1999, 1925–1931.
17 D. J. Maxwell; J. R. Taylor; S. M.
Nie, Self-assembled nanoparticle
probes for recognition and detection
of biomolecules. Journal of the
American Chemical Society 2002, 124,
9606–9612.
18 G. Bauer; F. Pittner; T.
Schalkhammer, Metal nano-cluster
biosensors. Mikrochim. Acta 1999, 131,
107–114.
19 J. J. Hickman; D. Ofer; P. E.
Laibinis; G. M. Whitesides; M. S.
Wrighton, Molecular self-assembly
of 2-terminal, voltammetric microsensors with internal references.
Science 1991, 252, 688–691.
20 S. Chen; R. S. Ingram; M. J.
Hostetler; J. J. Pietron; R. W.
Murray; T. G. Schaaff; J. T.
Khoury; M. M. Alvarez; R. L.
Whetten, Gold Nanoelectrodes of
Varied Size: Transition to MoleculeLike Charging. Science 1998, 280,
2098–2101.
21 R. Elghanian; J. J. Storhoff; R. C.
Mucic; R. L. Letsinger; C. A.
Mirkin, Selective Colorimetric
Detection of Polynucleotides Based on
the Distance-Dependent Optical
Properties of Gold Nanoparticles.
Science 1997, 277, 1078–1081.
22 G. Markovich; C. P. Collier; S. E.
Henrichs; F. Remacle; R. D. Levine;
J. R. Heath, Architectonic Quantum
Dot Solids. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32,
415–423.
23 I. Willner; B. Willner, Molecular
and biomolecular optoelectronics. Pure
Appl. Chem. 2001, 73, 535–542.
24 P. V. Kamat, Photophysical, photochemical and photocatalytic aspects
of metal nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem.
B 2002, 106, 7729–7744.
25 L. Liz-Marzan; P. V. Kamat,
Nanoscale Materials. Boston: Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers. 499
2003.
26 P. V. Kamat; D. Meisel, eds.
Semiconductor Nanoclusters-Physical,
Chemical and Catalytic Aspects. Studies
in Surface Science and Catalysis.
Elsevier Science: Amsterdam. 474
1997.
27 B. Kraeutler; C. D. Jaeger; A. J.
Bard, Direct observation of radical
intermediates in the radical formation
by electron spin resonance. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 4903–4905.
28 M. Anpo; T. Shima; Y. Kubokawa,
ESR and photoluminescence evidence
for the photocatalytic formation of
OH
. radicals on small TiO 2 particles.
Chem. Lett. 1985, 1799–1802.
29 R. F. Howe; M. Graetzel, EPR
observation of trapped electrons in
colloidal TiO 2 . J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89,
4495–4499.
30 O. I. Micic; Y. Zhang; K. R.
Cromack; A. D. Trifunac; M. C.
Thurnauer, Photoinduced hole
transfer from TiO 2 to methanol
molecules in aqueous solution studied
by electron paramagnetic resonance. J.
Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 13284–13288.
31 O. I. Micic; Y. Zhang; K. R.
Cromack; A. D. Trifunac; M. C.
Thurnauer, Trapped holes on TiO 2
colloids studied by electron paramagnetic resonance. J. Phys. Chem. 1993,
97, 7277–7283.
32 H. Gerischer; A. Heller, The role of
oxygen in photooxidation of organic
molecules on semiconductor particles.
J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 5261–5267.
33 C. M. Wang; A. Heller; H.
Gerischer, Palladium catalysis of O 2
reduction by electrons accumulated on
TiO 2 particles during photoassisted
oxidation of organic compounds. J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5230–5234.
34 H. Gerischer; A. Heller, Photocatalytic oxidation of organic molecules
at TiO 2 particles by sunlight in aerated
water. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1992, 139,
113–118.
35 M. W. Peterson; J. A. Turner; A. J.
Nozik, Mechanistic studies of the
photocatalytic behavior of TiO 2 .
References 637