Acknowledgement
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01
GM58173 and R01 GM60562) and the Department of Energy (DOE FG0298ER14873).
References
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18 G. P. Mitchell, C. A. Mirkin, R. L.
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19 S. Pathak, S. K. Choi, N. Arnheim
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20 R. Elghanian, J. J. Storhoff, R. C.
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1081.
21 B. Dubertret, M. Calame, A. J.
Libchaber, Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19,
365–570.
22 R. A. Reynolds, III, C. A. Mirkin,
R. L. Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2000, 122, 3795–3796.
23 C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, R. C.
Mucic et al., Nature 1996, 382, 607–
609.
24 A. P. Alivisatos, K. P. Johnsson,
X. G. Peng et al., Nature 1996, 382,
609–611.
25 Z. A. Peng, X. G. Peng, J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 2001, 123, 183–184.
26 C. Pollock, Fundamentals of
Optoelectronics, Irwin, USA 1995.
27 M. A. Hines, P. Guyot-Sionnest, J.
Phys. Chem. B 1996, 100, 468–471.
28 X. G. Peng, M. C. Schlamp, A. V.
Kadavanich et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1997, 119, 7019–7029.
29 B. O. Dabbousi, J. Rodriguez-Viejo,
F. V. Mikulec et al., J. Phys. Chem. B
1997, 101, 9463–9475.
30 D. V. Talapin, S. Haubold, A. L.
Rogach et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 2001,
105, 2260–2263.
31 D. V. Talapin, A. L. Rogach, A.
Kornowski et al., Nano Lett. 2001, 1,
207–211.
32 L. Qu, Z. A. Peng, X. G. Peng, Nano
Lett. 2001, 1, 333–337.
33 L. R. Becerra, C. B. Murray, R. G.
Griffin et al., J. Chem. Phys. 1994,
100, 3297–3300.
34 J. E. B. Katari, V. L. Colvin, A. P.
Alivisatos, J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98,
4109–4117.
12 Core–Shell Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Biological Labeling
416
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01
GM58173 and R01 GM60562) and the Department of Energy (DOE FG0298ER14873).
References
1 A. Henglein, Chem. Rev. 1989, 89,
1861–1873.
2 G. Schmid, Chem. Rev. 1992, 92,
1709–1727.
3 H. Weller, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
Engl. 1993, 32, 41–53.
4 A. P. Alivisatos, J. Phys. Chem. 1996,
100, 13226–13239.
5 A. P. Alivisatos, Science 1996, 271,
933–937.
6 M. Nirmal, L. E. Brus, Acc. Chem.
Res. 1999, 32, 407–414.
7 W. C. W. Chan, D. J. Maxwell, J. X.
Gao et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.
2002, 13, 40–46.
8 D. L. Dexter, R. S. Knox, Excitons,
Wiley, New York 1965.
9 H. Jones, The Theory of Brillouin Zones
and Electronic States in Crystals,
Elsevier, Amsterdam 1975.
10 C. B. Murray, D. J. Norris, M. G.
Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993,
115, 8706–8715.
11 E. Klarreich, Nature 2001, 413, 450–
452.
12 P. Mitchell, Nat. Biotechnol. 2001,
19, 1013–1017.
13 C. M. Niemeyer, Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. Engl. 2001, 40, 4128–4158.
14 S. R. Whaley, D. S. English, E. L.
Hu et al., Nature 2000, 405, 665–668.
15 M. Bruchez, Jr., M. Moronne, P.
Gin et al., Science 1998, 281, 2013–
2015.
16 W. C. W. Chan, S. Nie, Science 1998,
281, 2016–2018.
17 H. Mattoussi, J. M. Mauro, E. R.
Goldman et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2000, 122, 12142–12150.
18 G. P. Mitchell, C. A. Mirkin, R. L.
Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999,
121, 8122–8123.
19 S. Pathak, S. K. Choi, N. Arnheim
et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123,
4103–4104.
20 R. Elghanian, J. J. Storhoff, R. C.
Mucic et al., Science 1997, 277, 1078–
1081.
21 B. Dubertret, M. Calame, A. J.
Libchaber, Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19,
365–570.
22 R. A. Reynolds, III, C. A. Mirkin,
R. L. Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2000, 122, 3795–3796.
23 C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, R. C.
Mucic et al., Nature 1996, 382, 607–
609.
24 A. P. Alivisatos, K. P. Johnsson,
X. G. Peng et al., Nature 1996, 382,
609–611.
25 Z. A. Peng, X. G. Peng, J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 2001, 123, 183–184.
26 C. Pollock, Fundamentals of
Optoelectronics, Irwin, USA 1995.
27 M. A. Hines, P. Guyot-Sionnest, J.
Phys. Chem. B 1996, 100, 468–471.
28 X. G. Peng, M. C. Schlamp, A. V.
Kadavanich et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1997, 119, 7019–7029.
29 B. O. Dabbousi, J. Rodriguez-Viejo,
F. V. Mikulec et al., J. Phys. Chem. B
1997, 101, 9463–9475.
30 D. V. Talapin, S. Haubold, A. L.
Rogach et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 2001,
105, 2260–2263.
31 D. V. Talapin, A. L. Rogach, A.
Kornowski et al., Nano Lett. 2001, 1,
207–211.
32 L. Qu, Z. A. Peng, X. G. Peng, Nano
Lett. 2001, 1, 333–337.
33 L. R. Becerra, C. B. Murray, R. G.
Griffin et al., J. Chem. Phys. 1994,
100, 3297–3300.
34 J. E. B. Katari, V. L. Colvin, A. P.
Alivisatos, J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98,
4109–4117.
12 Core–Shell Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Biological Labeling
416