19.4.3 Photocurrent Generation 630
19.5
Electrochemistry of Metal Nanostructures 631
19.6
Semiconductor–Metal Nanocomposites 632
19.6.1 Improving the Efficiency of Photocatalytic Transformations 633
19.6.2 Fermi Level Equilibration 634
19.7
Concluding Remarks 635
Acknowledgement 636
References 636
20
Electrochemistry with Nanoparticles 646
S. Devarajan and S. Sampath
Outline 646
20.1
Introduction 646
20.2
Preparation of Nanostructures 647
20.3
Electrochemistry with Metallic Nanoparticles 649
20.3.1 Monolayer-Protected Nanoclusters 651
20.3.2 Nanoelectrode Ensembles 653
20.4
Single Electron Events 657
20.5
Probing Nanoparticles using Electrochemistry Coupled with
Spectroscopy 664
20.6
Nanosensors 670
20.6.1 Biosensors 670
20.6.2 Chemical Sensors 674
20.7
Electrocatalysis 678
20.8
Summary and Perspectives 680
Acknowledgement 681
References 681
21
Nanolithography and Nanomanipulation 688
A. K. Raychaudhuri
Abstract 688
21.1
Introduction 688
21.2
Template Fabrication 690
21.2.1 Polycarbonate Etched Track Templates 691
21.2.2 Fabrication of Anodized Alumina Membrane 693
21.2.3 Anodized Alumina Membrane as a Mask for Physical Vapor
Deposition 695
21.2.4 Templates Made in Block Copolymers 696
21.3
Fabrication of Nanostructures in the Templates 697
21.3.1 Electrodeposition 698
21.3.2 Sol–Gel Method 702
21.3.3 CVD Method 704
21.4
Scanning Probe Based Anodic Oxidation as a Tool for the Fabrication of
Nanostructures 706
21.4.1 Oxidation of Metallic Substrates 709
Contents
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