6.1.2.9 Sonochemical Preparation of Nanosized Titania 144
6.1.2.10 The Sonochemical Preparation of Other Oxides 145
6.1.2.11 Sonochemical Synthesis of Other Nanomaterials 147
6.2
Sonoelectrochemistry 148
6.2.1
Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Materials 149
6.3
Microwave Heating 152
6.3.1
Microwave Synthesis of Nanomaterials 155
6.3.1.1 Microwave Synthesis of Nanometallic Particles 155
6.3.1.2 The Synthesis of Nanoparticles of Metal Oxides by MWH 157
Acknowledgements 163
References 164
7
Solvothermal Synthesis of Non-Oxide Nanomaterials 170
Y. T. Qian, Y. L. Gu, and J. Lu
7.1
Introduction 170
7.2
Solvothermal Synthesis of III–V Nanomaterials 175
7.3
Synthesis of Diamond, Carbon Nanotubes and Carbides 181
7.4
Synthesis of Si 3 N 4 , P 3 N 5 , Metal Nitrides and Phosphides 186
7.5
Synthesis of BN, B 4 C, BP and Borides 189
7.6
Synthesis of One-Dimensional Metal Chalcogenide Nanocrystallites 193
7.7
Room Temperature Synthesis of Nanomaterials 198
References 204
8
Nanotubes and Nanowires 208
A. Govindaraj and C. N. R. Rao
Abstract 208
8.1
Introduction 208
8.2
Carbon Nanotubes 210
8.2.1
Synthesis 210
8.2.1.1 Multi-Walled Nanotubes 210
8.2.1.2 Aligned Carbon Nanotube Bundles 212
8.2.1.3 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 214
8.2.2
Structure and Characterization 217
8.2.3
Mechanism of Formation 222
8.2.4
Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes 224
8.2.4.1 Doping with Boron and Nitrogen 224
8.2.4.2 Opening, Filling and Functionalizing Nanotubes 225
8.2.5
Electronic Structure, Properties and Devices 227
8.2.5.1 Electronic Structure and Properties 227
8.2.5.2 Electronic and Electrochemical Devices 228
8.3
Inorganic Nanotubes 239
8.3.1
Preliminaries 239
8.3.2
General Synthetic Strategies 244
8.3.3
Structures 246
8.3.4
Useful Properties of Inorganic Nanotubes 253
Contents
viii
6.1.2.10 The Sonochemical Preparation of Other Oxides 145
6.1.2.11 Sonochemical Synthesis of Other Nanomaterials 147
6.2
Sonoelectrochemistry 148
6.2.1
Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Materials 149
6.3
Microwave Heating 152
6.3.1
Microwave Synthesis of Nanomaterials 155
6.3.1.1 Microwave Synthesis of Nanometallic Particles 155
6.3.1.2 The Synthesis of Nanoparticles of Metal Oxides by MWH 157
Acknowledgements 163
References 164
7
Solvothermal Synthesis of Non-Oxide Nanomaterials 170
Y. T. Qian, Y. L. Gu, and J. Lu
7.1
Introduction 170
7.2
Solvothermal Synthesis of III–V Nanomaterials 175
7.3
Synthesis of Diamond, Carbon Nanotubes and Carbides 181
7.4
Synthesis of Si 3 N 4 , P 3 N 5 , Metal Nitrides and Phosphides 186
7.5
Synthesis of BN, B 4 C, BP and Borides 189
7.6
Synthesis of One-Dimensional Metal Chalcogenide Nanocrystallites 193
7.7
Room Temperature Synthesis of Nanomaterials 198
References 204
8
Nanotubes and Nanowires 208
A. Govindaraj and C. N. R. Rao
Abstract 208
8.1
Introduction 208
8.2
Carbon Nanotubes 210
8.2.1
Synthesis 210
8.2.1.1 Multi-Walled Nanotubes 210
8.2.1.2 Aligned Carbon Nanotube Bundles 212
8.2.1.3 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 214
8.2.2
Structure and Characterization 217
8.2.3
Mechanism of Formation 222
8.2.4
Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes 224
8.2.4.1 Doping with Boron and Nitrogen 224
8.2.4.2 Opening, Filling and Functionalizing Nanotubes 225
8.2.5
Electronic Structure, Properties and Devices 227
8.2.5.1 Electronic Structure and Properties 227
8.2.5.2 Electronic and Electrochemical Devices 228
8.3
Inorganic Nanotubes 239
8.3.1
Preliminaries 239
8.3.2
General Synthetic Strategies 244
8.3.3
Structures 246
8.3.4
Useful Properties of Inorganic Nanotubes 253
Contents
viii