Here we conclude our discussion of some fundamental concepts of thermodynamics as it relates to the unified mechanics theory. For further understanding of
thermodynamics concepts, readers are encouraged to refer to thermodynamics’
books listed in the references section of this chapter.
References
Boltzmann, L. (1877). Sitzungberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Mathematisch-Naturwissen Classe. Abt. II, LXXVI, pp 373–435 (Wien. Ber. 1877,
76:373–435). Reprinted in Wiss. Abhandlungen, Vol. II, reprint 42, p. 164–223, Barth, Leipzig,
1909.
Callen, H. B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an introduction to Thermostatistics (2nd ed.).
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Callister, W. D., Jr., & Rethwisch, D. (2010). Materials science and engineering and introduction.
John Wiley & Sons.
Carnot, S. (1824). Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à
développer cette puissance (in French). Paris: Bachelier. (First Edition 1824) and (Reissue of
1878).
Clausius, R. (1850). Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für
die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen. Annalen der Physik, 79(4), 368–397. https://doi.org/10.
1002/andp.18501550403. 500–524. Bibcode:1850AnP...155..500C. See English Translation:
On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are
deducible therefrom. Phil. Mag. (1851), series 4, 2, 1–21, 102–119.
Clausius, R. (1856). On a modified form of the second fundamental theorem in the mechanical
theory of heat. Philosophical Magazine, 12(77), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/
14786445608642141. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Coleman, B. D. (1964). Thermodynamics of materials with memory. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 17, 1–46.
Coleman, B. D., & Mizel, V. J. (1964). Existence of caloric equations of state in thermodynamics.
The Journal of Chemical Physics, 40, 1116–1125.
Coleman, B. D., & Mizel, V. J. (1967). Existence of entropy as a consequence of asymptotic
stability. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 25, 243.
De Groot, S. R. (1952). Thermodynamics of irreversible processes. North Holland Publishing.
DeHoff, R. T. (1993). Thermodynamics in materials science. McGraw Hill.
Table 3.3 Examples of different thermodynamic forces and corresponding fluxes in some dissipative processes. (After Imanian and Modarres (2018))
Primary mechanism
Thermodynamic force,
X
Thermodynamic
flux
Examples
Heat conduction
Temperature gradient
Heat flux
Fatigue, creep,
wear
Plastic deformation of
solids
Stress
Plastic strain
Fatigue, creep,
wear
Chemical reaction
Reaction affinity
Reaction rate
Corrosion, wear
Mass diffusion
Chemical potential
Diffusion flux
Wear, creep
Electrochemical reaction
Electrochemical
potential
Corrosion rate
density
Corrosion
112
3 Thermodynamics
thermodynamics concepts, readers are encouraged to refer to thermodynamics’
books listed in the references section of this chapter.
References
Boltzmann, L. (1877). Sitzungberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Mathematisch-Naturwissen Classe. Abt. II, LXXVI, pp 373–435 (Wien. Ber. 1877,
76:373–435). Reprinted in Wiss. Abhandlungen, Vol. II, reprint 42, p. 164–223, Barth, Leipzig,
1909.
Callen, H. B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an introduction to Thermostatistics (2nd ed.).
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Callister, W. D., Jr., & Rethwisch, D. (2010). Materials science and engineering and introduction.
John Wiley & Sons.
Carnot, S. (1824). Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à
développer cette puissance (in French). Paris: Bachelier. (First Edition 1824) and (Reissue of
1878).
Clausius, R. (1850). Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für
die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen. Annalen der Physik, 79(4), 368–397. https://doi.org/10.
1002/andp.18501550403. 500–524. Bibcode:1850AnP...155..500C. See English Translation:
On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are
deducible therefrom. Phil. Mag. (1851), series 4, 2, 1–21, 102–119.
Clausius, R. (1856). On a modified form of the second fundamental theorem in the mechanical
theory of heat. Philosophical Magazine, 12(77), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/
14786445608642141. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Coleman, B. D. (1964). Thermodynamics of materials with memory. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 17, 1–46.
Coleman, B. D., & Mizel, V. J. (1964). Existence of caloric equations of state in thermodynamics.
The Journal of Chemical Physics, 40, 1116–1125.
Coleman, B. D., & Mizel, V. J. (1967). Existence of entropy as a consequence of asymptotic
stability. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 25, 243.
De Groot, S. R. (1952). Thermodynamics of irreversible processes. North Holland Publishing.
DeHoff, R. T. (1993). Thermodynamics in materials science. McGraw Hill.
Table 3.3 Examples of different thermodynamic forces and corresponding fluxes in some dissipative processes. (After Imanian and Modarres (2018))
Primary mechanism
Thermodynamic force,
X
Thermodynamic
flux
Examples
Heat conduction
Temperature gradient
Heat flux
Fatigue, creep,
wear
Plastic deformation of
solids
Stress
Plastic strain
Fatigue, creep,
wear
Chemical reaction
Reaction affinity
Reaction rate
Corrosion, wear
Mass diffusion
Chemical potential
Diffusion flux
Wear, creep
Electrochemical reaction
Electrochemical
potential
Corrosion rate
density
Corrosion
112
3 Thermodynamics