DNA-based Semliki Forest virus vectors. J Biol
Chem 273:18060–18066
33. DiCiommo DP, Duckett A, Burcescu I,
Bremner R, Gallie BR (2004) Retinoblastoma
protein purification and transduction of retina
and retinoblastoma cells using improved alphavirus vectors. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci
45:3320–3329
34. Ulper L, Sarand I, Rausalu K, Merits A (2008)
Construction, properties, and potential application of infectious plasmids containing Semliki Forest virus full-length cDNA with a n
inserted intron. J Virol Methods 148:265–270
35. Puglia AL, Rezende AG, Jorge SA, Wagner R,
Pereira CA, Astray RM (2013) Quantitative
RT-PCR for titration of replication-defective
recombinant Semliki Forest virus. J Virol
Methods 193:647–652
36. Juare D, Long KC, Aguilar P, Kochel TJ, Halsey JS (2013) Assessment of plaque assay methods for alphaviruses. J Virol Methods
187:185–189
37. Avogadri F, Merghoub T, Maughan MF,
Hirschhorn-Cymerman D, Morris J, Ritter E
et al (2010) Alphavirus replicon particles
expressing TRP-2 provide potent therapeutic
effect on melanoma through activation of
humoral and cellular immunity. PLoS One 5:
e12670
38. Leitner WW, Hwang NL, de Veer MJ, Zhou A
et al (2003) Alphavirus-based DNA vaccine
breaks immunological tolerance by activating
innate antiviral pathways. Nat Med 5:33–39
39. Colombage G, Hall R, Pavy M, Lobigs M
(1998) DNA-based and alphavirus-vectored
immunization with PrM and E proteins elicits
long-lived and protective immunity against the
flavivirus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus.
Virology 250:151–163
40. Lundstrom K, Abenavoli A, Malgaroli A,
Ehrengruber MU (2003) Novel Semliki Forest
virus vectors with reduced toxicity and
temperature-sensitivity for long-term enhancement of transgene expression. Mol Ther
7:202–209
41. Agapov EV, Frolov I, Lindenbach BD, Pragal
PM, Schlesinger S, Rice CM (1998) Noncythopathic Sindbis virus RNA vectors for heterologous gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 95:12989–12994
42. Sjo ¨berg EM, Suomalainen M, Garoff H (1994)
A significantly improved Semliki Forest virus
expression system based on translation
enhancer segments from the viral capsid gene.
Bio/Technology 12:1127–1131
43. Geall AJ, Verma A, Otten GR, Shaw CA,
Hekele A, Banerjee K et al (2012) Nonviral
delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:14604–14609
44. Voytas D, Ke N (2001) Detection and quantitation of radiolabeled proteins and DNA in gels
and blot. Curr Protoc Mol Biol Appendix 3:3A
Alphavirus-Based Antigen Preparation
81
Chem 273:18060–18066
33. DiCiommo DP, Duckett A, Burcescu I,
Bremner R, Gallie BR (2004) Retinoblastoma
protein purification and transduction of retina
and retinoblastoma cells using improved alphavirus vectors. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci
45:3320–3329
34. Ulper L, Sarand I, Rausalu K, Merits A (2008)
Construction, properties, and potential application of infectious plasmids containing Semliki Forest virus full-length cDNA with a n
inserted intron. J Virol Methods 148:265–270
35. Puglia AL, Rezende AG, Jorge SA, Wagner R,
Pereira CA, Astray RM (2013) Quantitative
RT-PCR for titration of replication-defective
recombinant Semliki Forest virus. J Virol
Methods 193:647–652
36. Juare D, Long KC, Aguilar P, Kochel TJ, Halsey JS (2013) Assessment of plaque assay methods for alphaviruses. J Virol Methods
187:185–189
37. Avogadri F, Merghoub T, Maughan MF,
Hirschhorn-Cymerman D, Morris J, Ritter E
et al (2010) Alphavirus replicon particles
expressing TRP-2 provide potent therapeutic
effect on melanoma through activation of
humoral and cellular immunity. PLoS One 5:
e12670
38. Leitner WW, Hwang NL, de Veer MJ, Zhou A
et al (2003) Alphavirus-based DNA vaccine
breaks immunological tolerance by activating
innate antiviral pathways. Nat Med 5:33–39
39. Colombage G, Hall R, Pavy M, Lobigs M
(1998) DNA-based and alphavirus-vectored
immunization with PrM and E proteins elicits
long-lived and protective immunity against the
flavivirus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus.
Virology 250:151–163
40. Lundstrom K, Abenavoli A, Malgaroli A,
Ehrengruber MU (2003) Novel Semliki Forest
virus vectors with reduced toxicity and
temperature-sensitivity for long-term enhancement of transgene expression. Mol Ther
7:202–209
41. Agapov EV, Frolov I, Lindenbach BD, Pragal
PM, Schlesinger S, Rice CM (1998) Noncythopathic Sindbis virus RNA vectors for heterologous gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 95:12989–12994
42. Sjo ¨berg EM, Suomalainen M, Garoff H (1994)
A significantly improved Semliki Forest virus
expression system based on translation
enhancer segments from the viral capsid gene.
Bio/Technology 12:1127–1131
43. Geall AJ, Verma A, Otten GR, Shaw CA,
Hekele A, Banerjee K et al (2012) Nonviral
delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:14604–14609
44. Voytas D, Ke N (2001) Detection and quantitation of radiolabeled proteins and DNA in gels
and blot. Curr Protoc Mol Biol Appendix 3:3A
Alphavirus-Based Antigen Preparation
81