3. Mouse serum samples should be inactivated at 56
C for
30 min to test with the influenza virus microneutralization
assay, since the complement factors could affect the results.
4. Use low melting agarose (Gibco® 4% Agarose) with fluid at
37
C to avoid damaging the cells and allowing the grow of the
virus into the MDCK cells.
5. Include in the T cell responses assays other controls such as a
group of mock-vaccinated (PBS) mice and PA to account for
any artifacts from the culture.
References
1. Young JA, Collier RJ (2007) Anthrax toxin:
receptor binding, internalization, pore formation, and translocation. Annu Rev Biochem
76:243–265
2. Tonello F, Montecucco CJ (2009) The anthrax
lethal factor and its MAPK kinase-specific
metalloprotease activity. Mol Aspects Med 30
(6):431–438
3. Xu Q, Zeng M (2008) Detoxified lethal toxin
as a potential mucosal vaccine against anthrax.
Clin Vaccine Immunol 15(4):612–616
4. Are ´valo MT, Li J, Diaz-Are ´valo D, Chen Y,
Navarro A, Wu L et al (2017) A dual purpose
universal influenza vaccine candidate confers
protective immunity against anthrax. Immunology 150(3):276–289
5. Meng Q, Liu G, Liu Y, Deng X, Wang W, Xu K
et al (2015) A broad protection provided by
matrix protein 2 (M2) of avian influenza virus.
Vaccine 33(31):3758–3765
6. Chen J, Lee KH, Steinhauer DA, Stevens DJ,
Skehel JJ, Wiley DC (1998) Structure of the
hemagglutinin precursor cleavage site, a determinant of influenza pathogenicity and the origin of the labile conformation. Cell 95
(3):409–417
7. Edwards M, Dimmock NJ (2000) Two influenza A virus-specific Fabs neutralize by inhibiting virus attachment to target cells, while
neutralization by their IgGs is complex and
occurs simultaneously through fusion inhibition and attachment inhibition. Virology 278
(2):423–435
8. Throsby M, van den Brink E, Jongeneelen M,
Poon LL, Alard P, Cornelissen L et al (2008)
Heterosubtypic neutralizing monoclonal antibodies cross-protective against H5N1 and
H1N1 recovered from human IgM+ memory
B cells. PLoS One 3(12):e3942
9. Wang TT, Tan GS, Hai R, Pica N, Ngai L,
Ekiert DC et al (2010) Vaccination with a synthetic peptide from the influenza virus hemagglutinin provides protection against distinct
viral subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107
(44):18979–18984
10. Turnbull P, Broster MG, Carman JA, Manchee
RJ, Melling J (1986) Development of antibodies to protective antigen and lethal factor
components of anthrax toxin in humans and
guinea pigs and their relevance to protective
immunity. Infect Immun 52(2):356–363
11. Ingram RJ, Metan G, Maillere B, Doganay M,
Ozkul Y, Kim LU et al (2010) Natural exposure to cutaneous anthrax gives long-lasting T
cell immunity encompassing infection-specific
epitopes. J Immunol 184(7):3814–3821
12. Quesnel-Hellmann A, Cleret A, Vidal DR,
Tournier JN (2006) Evidence for adjuvanticity
of anthrax edema toxin. Vaccine 24
(6):699–702
13. Duverger A, Jackson RJ, Van Ginkel FW,
Fischer R, Tafaro A, Leppla SH et al (2006)
Bacillus anthracis edema toxin acts as an adjuvant for mucosal immune responses to nasally
administered vaccine antigens. J Immunol 176
(3):1776–1783
14. Zeng M, Xu Q, Hesek ED, Pichichero ME
(2006) N-fragment of edema factor as a candidate antigen for immunization against anthrax.
Vaccine 24(5):662–670
15. Li J, Are ´valo MT, Chen Y, Posadas O, Smith
JA, Zeng M (2014) Intranasal immunization
with influenza antigens conjugated with cholera toxin subunit B stimulates broad spectrum
immunity against influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10(5):1211–1220
Vaccine Delivery with a Detoxified Bacterial Toxin
435
C for
30 min to test with the influenza virus microneutralization
assay, since the complement factors could affect the results.
4. Use low melting agarose (Gibco® 4% Agarose) with fluid at
37
C to avoid damaging the cells and allowing the grow of the
virus into the MDCK cells.
5. Include in the T cell responses assays other controls such as a
group of mock-vaccinated (PBS) mice and PA to account for
any artifacts from the culture.
References
1. Young JA, Collier RJ (2007) Anthrax toxin:
receptor binding, internalization, pore formation, and translocation. Annu Rev Biochem
76:243–265
2. Tonello F, Montecucco CJ (2009) The anthrax
lethal factor and its MAPK kinase-specific
metalloprotease activity. Mol Aspects Med 30
(6):431–438
3. Xu Q, Zeng M (2008) Detoxified lethal toxin
as a potential mucosal vaccine against anthrax.
Clin Vaccine Immunol 15(4):612–616
4. Are ´valo MT, Li J, Diaz-Are ´valo D, Chen Y,
Navarro A, Wu L et al (2017) A dual purpose
universal influenza vaccine candidate confers
protective immunity against anthrax. Immunology 150(3):276–289
5. Meng Q, Liu G, Liu Y, Deng X, Wang W, Xu K
et al (2015) A broad protection provided by
matrix protein 2 (M2) of avian influenza virus.
Vaccine 33(31):3758–3765
6. Chen J, Lee KH, Steinhauer DA, Stevens DJ,
Skehel JJ, Wiley DC (1998) Structure of the
hemagglutinin precursor cleavage site, a determinant of influenza pathogenicity and the origin of the labile conformation. Cell 95
(3):409–417
7. Edwards M, Dimmock NJ (2000) Two influenza A virus-specific Fabs neutralize by inhibiting virus attachment to target cells, while
neutralization by their IgGs is complex and
occurs simultaneously through fusion inhibition and attachment inhibition. Virology 278
(2):423–435
8. Throsby M, van den Brink E, Jongeneelen M,
Poon LL, Alard P, Cornelissen L et al (2008)
Heterosubtypic neutralizing monoclonal antibodies cross-protective against H5N1 and
H1N1 recovered from human IgM+ memory
B cells. PLoS One 3(12):e3942
9. Wang TT, Tan GS, Hai R, Pica N, Ngai L,
Ekiert DC et al (2010) Vaccination with a synthetic peptide from the influenza virus hemagglutinin provides protection against distinct
viral subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107
(44):18979–18984
10. Turnbull P, Broster MG, Carman JA, Manchee
RJ, Melling J (1986) Development of antibodies to protective antigen and lethal factor
components of anthrax toxin in humans and
guinea pigs and their relevance to protective
immunity. Infect Immun 52(2):356–363
11. Ingram RJ, Metan G, Maillere B, Doganay M,
Ozkul Y, Kim LU et al (2010) Natural exposure to cutaneous anthrax gives long-lasting T
cell immunity encompassing infection-specific
epitopes. J Immunol 184(7):3814–3821
12. Quesnel-Hellmann A, Cleret A, Vidal DR,
Tournier JN (2006) Evidence for adjuvanticity
of anthrax edema toxin. Vaccine 24
(6):699–702
13. Duverger A, Jackson RJ, Van Ginkel FW,
Fischer R, Tafaro A, Leppla SH et al (2006)
Bacillus anthracis edema toxin acts as an adjuvant for mucosal immune responses to nasally
administered vaccine antigens. J Immunol 176
(3):1776–1783
14. Zeng M, Xu Q, Hesek ED, Pichichero ME
(2006) N-fragment of edema factor as a candidate antigen for immunization against anthrax.
Vaccine 24(5):662–670
15. Li J, Are ´valo MT, Chen Y, Posadas O, Smith
JA, Zeng M (2014) Intranasal immunization
with influenza antigens conjugated with cholera toxin subunit B stimulates broad spectrum
immunity against influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10(5):1211–1220
Vaccine Delivery with a Detoxified Bacterial Toxin
435