trivalent vaccine comprising diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP),
D-glutamate of the bacterial cell wall to control MDR, cholera,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, malaria, Hepatitis A, polio, influenza,
and rabies. The development of tools and techniques in molecular
biology, bioinformatics, cell biology, and immunology has significantly contributed to the development of more potent vaccines.
Thus, by using these techniques (such as epitope prediction, development of antimicrobial peptides, and protein engineering), novel
therapeutic proteins may be produced, and these proteins may have
the potential for future use in immunization.
Acknowledgments
The authors duly acknowledge M.D. University, Rohtak, India, for
providing infrastructural facilities. Sunita acknowledges the support
as University Research Scholarship by M.D. University, Rohtak,
India. PS acknowledges the infrastructural support from Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi,
through FIST grant (Grant No. 1196 SR/FST/LS-I/2017/4).
References
1. WHO, Vaccines. https://www.who.int/
topics/vaccines/en/. Accessed 31 May 2019
2. Bragazzi NL, Gianfredi V, Villarini M,
Rosselli R, Nasr A, Hussein A, Martini M,
Behzadifar M (2018) Vaccines meet big data:
state-of-the-art and future prospects. From
the Classical 3Is (“Isolate-Inactivate-Inject”)
Vaccinology 1.0 to Vaccinology 3.0, vaccinomics, and beyond: a historical overview.
Front Public Health 6:62. https://doi.org/
10.3389/fpubh.2018.00062
3. Lahariya C (2014) A brief history of vaccines
& vaccination in India. Indian J Med Res 139
(4):491–511
4. McCullers JA, Dunn JD (2008) Advances in
vaccine technology and their impact on managed care. P T 33(1):35–41
5. WHO, Children: reducing mortality,
19 September 2018. https://www.who.int/
en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/childrenreducing-mortality. Accessed 07 June 2019
6. Gizurarson S (1996) Optimal delivery of vaccines: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations.
Clin Pharmacokinet 30(1):1–15
7. Jo ´dar L, Feavers IM, Salisbury D, Granoff
DM (2002) Development of vaccines against
meningococcal
disease.
Lancet
359
(9316):1499–1508
8. Byrne MP, Smith LA (2000) Development of
vaccines for prevention of botulism. Biochimie 82(9–10):955–966
9. Smith LA (1998) Development of recombinant vaccines for botulinum neurotoxin. Toxicon 36(11):1539–1548
10. Baldwin MR, Tepp WH, Przedpelski A, Pier
CL, Bradshaw M, Johnson EA, Barbieri JT
(2008) Subunit vaccine against the seven serotypes of botulism. Infect Immun 76
(3):1314–1318
11. Levine MM (2010) Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral vaccines in developing countries:
lessons from a live cholera vaccine. BMC Biol
8(1):129
12. Ryan ET, Calderwood SB (2000) Cholera
vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 31(2):561–565
13. Lobeck K, Drevet P, Le ´onetti M, FromenRomano C, Ducancel F, Lajeunesse E,
Lemaire C, Me ´nez A (1998) Towards a
recombinant vaccine against diphtheria
toxin. Infect Immun 66(2):418–423
14. Rappuoli R, Malito E (2014) History of
Diphtheria vaccine development. In: Burkovski A (ed) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
and related toxigenic species. Springer,
Dordrecht
Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives
261
D-glutamate of the bacterial cell wall to control MDR, cholera,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, malaria, Hepatitis A, polio, influenza,
and rabies. The development of tools and techniques in molecular
biology, bioinformatics, cell biology, and immunology has significantly contributed to the development of more potent vaccines.
Thus, by using these techniques (such as epitope prediction, development of antimicrobial peptides, and protein engineering), novel
therapeutic proteins may be produced, and these proteins may have
the potential for future use in immunization.
Acknowledgments
The authors duly acknowledge M.D. University, Rohtak, India, for
providing infrastructural facilities. Sunita acknowledges the support
as University Research Scholarship by M.D. University, Rohtak,
India. PS acknowledges the infrastructural support from Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi,
through FIST grant (Grant No. 1196 SR/FST/LS-I/2017/4).
References
1. WHO, Vaccines. https://www.who.int/
topics/vaccines/en/. Accessed 31 May 2019
2. Bragazzi NL, Gianfredi V, Villarini M,
Rosselli R, Nasr A, Hussein A, Martini M,
Behzadifar M (2018) Vaccines meet big data:
state-of-the-art and future prospects. From
the Classical 3Is (“Isolate-Inactivate-Inject”)
Vaccinology 1.0 to Vaccinology 3.0, vaccinomics, and beyond: a historical overview.
Front Public Health 6:62. https://doi.org/
10.3389/fpubh.2018.00062
3. Lahariya C (2014) A brief history of vaccines
& vaccination in India. Indian J Med Res 139
(4):491–511
4. McCullers JA, Dunn JD (2008) Advances in
vaccine technology and their impact on managed care. P T 33(1):35–41
5. WHO, Children: reducing mortality,
19 September 2018. https://www.who.int/
en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/childrenreducing-mortality. Accessed 07 June 2019
6. Gizurarson S (1996) Optimal delivery of vaccines: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations.
Clin Pharmacokinet 30(1):1–15
7. Jo ´dar L, Feavers IM, Salisbury D, Granoff
DM (2002) Development of vaccines against
meningococcal
disease.
Lancet
359
(9316):1499–1508
8. Byrne MP, Smith LA (2000) Development of
vaccines for prevention of botulism. Biochimie 82(9–10):955–966
9. Smith LA (1998) Development of recombinant vaccines for botulinum neurotoxin. Toxicon 36(11):1539–1548
10. Baldwin MR, Tepp WH, Przedpelski A, Pier
CL, Bradshaw M, Johnson EA, Barbieri JT
(2008) Subunit vaccine against the seven serotypes of botulism. Infect Immun 76
(3):1314–1318
11. Levine MM (2010) Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral vaccines in developing countries:
lessons from a live cholera vaccine. BMC Biol
8(1):129
12. Ryan ET, Calderwood SB (2000) Cholera
vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 31(2):561–565
13. Lobeck K, Drevet P, Le ´onetti M, FromenRomano C, Ducancel F, Lajeunesse E,
Lemaire C, Me ´nez A (1998) Towards a
recombinant vaccine against diphtheria
toxin. Infect Immun 66(2):418–423
14. Rappuoli R, Malito E (2014) History of
Diphtheria vaccine development. In: Burkovski A (ed) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
and related toxigenic species. Springer,
Dordrecht
Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives
261