the dialysis tubing must be small enough so as to not alter the
concentration of the analytes. A MWCO of 5,000–14,000
(excluding molecules with molecular masses of 5 kDa to
14 kDa) can generally be recommended.
55. The DNA assay may cause problems when purifying
DNA-viruses. Damaged or ruptured virus particles can increase
the measured total DNA concentration.
References
1. Nachbagauer R, Krammer F (2017) Universal
influenza virus vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Clin Microbiol Infect 23(4):222–228.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.009
2. Patel A, Dunlop J, Owsianka A et al (2015)
Current and future prophylactic vaccines for
hepatitis C virus. Vaccines Dev Ther 31.
https://doi.org/10.2147/VDT.S48437
3. Wolff MW, Reichl U (2011) Downstream processing of cell culture-derived virus particles.
Expert Rev Vaccines 10(10):1451–1475.
https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.11.111
4. Santiago-Ortiz JL, Schaffer DV (2016) Adenoassociated virus (AAV) vectors in cancer gene
therapy. J Control Release 240:287–301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.
001
5. Nestola P, Peixoto C, Silva RRJS et al (2015)
Improved virus purification processes for vaccines and gene therapy. Biotechnol Bioeng 112
(5):843–857. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.
25545
6. Kaufman HL, Kohlhapp FJ, Zloza A (2015)
Oncolytic viruses: a new class of immunotherapy drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 14
(9):642–662.
https://doi.org/10.1038/
nrd4663
7. Lawler SE, Speranza M-C, Cho C-F et al
(2017) Oncolytic viruses in cancer treatment:
a review. JAMA Oncol 3(6):841–849. https://
doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.2064
8. Weiss K, Gerstenberger J, Salzig D et al (2015)
Oncolytic measles viruses produced at different
scales under serum-free conditions. Eng Life
Sci
15(4):425–436.
https://doi.org/10.
1002/elsc.201400165
9. Grein TA, Loewe D, Dieken H et al (2018)
High titer oncolytic measles virus production
process by integration of dielectric spectroscopy as online monitoring system. Biotechnol
Bioeng 115(5):1186–1194. https://doi.org/
10.1002/bit.26538
10. Genzel Y, Ro ¨dig J, Rapp E et al (2014) Vaccine
production: upstream processing with adherent or suspension cell lines. Methods Mol Biol
1104:371–393.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-1-62703-733-4_23
11. Va ´zquez-Ramı ´rez D, Jordan I, Sandig V et al
(2019) High titer MVA and influenza A virus
production using a hybrid fed-batch/perfusion
strategy with an ATF system. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol 103(7):3025–3035. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00253-019-09694-2
12. Jiang W, Hua R, Wei M et al (2015) An optimized method for high-titer lentivirus preparations without ultracentrifugation. Sci Rep 5
(5):13875.
https://doi.org/10.1038/
srep13875
13. Tapia F, Vogel T, Genzel Y et al (2014) Production of high-titer human influenza A virus
with adherent and suspension MDCK cells
cultured in a single-use hollow fiber bioreactor.
Vaccine 32(8):1003–1011. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.044
14. Grein TA, Loewe D, Dieken H et al (2019)
Aeration and shear stress are critical process
parameters for the production of oncolytic
measles virus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 7:78.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00078
15. Firquet S, Beaujard S, Lobert P-E et al (2015)
Survival of enveloped and non-enveloped
viruses on inanimate surfaces. Microbes Environ 30(2):140–144. https://doi.org/10.
1264/jsme2.ME14145
16. Black FL (1959) Growth and stability of measles virus. Virology 7:184–192. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0042-6822(59)90186-2
17. Kohn A, Yassky D (1962) Growth of measles
virus in kb cells. Virology 17:157–163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(62)
90092-2
18. Weiss K, Salzig D, Mu ¨hlebach MD et al (2012)
Key parameters of measles virus production for
oncolytic virotherapy. Am J Biochem Biotechnol 8(2):81–98. https://doi.org/10.3844/
ajbbsp.2012.81.98
19. Trabelsi K, Majoul S, Rourou S et al (2012)
Development of a measles vaccine production
process in MRC-5 cells grown on Cytodex1
microcarriers and in a stirred bioreactor. Appl
244
Keven Lothert et al.
concentration of the analytes. A MWCO of 5,000–14,000
(excluding molecules with molecular masses of 5 kDa to
14 kDa) can generally be recommended.
55. The DNA assay may cause problems when purifying
DNA-viruses. Damaged or ruptured virus particles can increase
the measured total DNA concentration.
References
1. Nachbagauer R, Krammer F (2017) Universal
influenza virus vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Clin Microbiol Infect 23(4):222–228.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.009
2. Patel A, Dunlop J, Owsianka A et al (2015)
Current and future prophylactic vaccines for
hepatitis C virus. Vaccines Dev Ther 31.
https://doi.org/10.2147/VDT.S48437
3. Wolff MW, Reichl U (2011) Downstream processing of cell culture-derived virus particles.
Expert Rev Vaccines 10(10):1451–1475.
https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.11.111
4. Santiago-Ortiz JL, Schaffer DV (2016) Adenoassociated virus (AAV) vectors in cancer gene
therapy. J Control Release 240:287–301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.
001
5. Nestola P, Peixoto C, Silva RRJS et al (2015)
Improved virus purification processes for vaccines and gene therapy. Biotechnol Bioeng 112
(5):843–857. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.
25545
6. Kaufman HL, Kohlhapp FJ, Zloza A (2015)
Oncolytic viruses: a new class of immunotherapy drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 14
(9):642–662.
https://doi.org/10.1038/
nrd4663
7. Lawler SE, Speranza M-C, Cho C-F et al
(2017) Oncolytic viruses in cancer treatment:
a review. JAMA Oncol 3(6):841–849. https://
doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.2064
8. Weiss K, Gerstenberger J, Salzig D et al (2015)
Oncolytic measles viruses produced at different
scales under serum-free conditions. Eng Life
Sci
15(4):425–436.
https://doi.org/10.
1002/elsc.201400165
9. Grein TA, Loewe D, Dieken H et al (2018)
High titer oncolytic measles virus production
process by integration of dielectric spectroscopy as online monitoring system. Biotechnol
Bioeng 115(5):1186–1194. https://doi.org/
10.1002/bit.26538
10. Genzel Y, Ro ¨dig J, Rapp E et al (2014) Vaccine
production: upstream processing with adherent or suspension cell lines. Methods Mol Biol
1104:371–393.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-1-62703-733-4_23
11. Va ´zquez-Ramı ´rez D, Jordan I, Sandig V et al
(2019) High titer MVA and influenza A virus
production using a hybrid fed-batch/perfusion
strategy with an ATF system. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol 103(7):3025–3035. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00253-019-09694-2
12. Jiang W, Hua R, Wei M et al (2015) An optimized method for high-titer lentivirus preparations without ultracentrifugation. Sci Rep 5
(5):13875.
https://doi.org/10.1038/
srep13875
13. Tapia F, Vogel T, Genzel Y et al (2014) Production of high-titer human influenza A virus
with adherent and suspension MDCK cells
cultured in a single-use hollow fiber bioreactor.
Vaccine 32(8):1003–1011. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.044
14. Grein TA, Loewe D, Dieken H et al (2019)
Aeration and shear stress are critical process
parameters for the production of oncolytic
measles virus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 7:78.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00078
15. Firquet S, Beaujard S, Lobert P-E et al (2015)
Survival of enveloped and non-enveloped
viruses on inanimate surfaces. Microbes Environ 30(2):140–144. https://doi.org/10.
1264/jsme2.ME14145
16. Black FL (1959) Growth and stability of measles virus. Virology 7:184–192. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0042-6822(59)90186-2
17. Kohn A, Yassky D (1962) Growth of measles
virus in kb cells. Virology 17:157–163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(62)
90092-2
18. Weiss K, Salzig D, Mu ¨hlebach MD et al (2012)
Key parameters of measles virus production for
oncolytic virotherapy. Am J Biochem Biotechnol 8(2):81–98. https://doi.org/10.3844/
ajbbsp.2012.81.98
19. Trabelsi K, Majoul S, Rourou S et al (2012)
Development of a measles vaccine production
process in MRC-5 cells grown on Cytodex1
microcarriers and in a stirred bioreactor. Appl
244
Keven Lothert et al.