622
14 Basic Measurement and Monitoring Techniques
when L ≥ W/ 2, and
P S (L) = S
α S
α
P 0 e
−αW
1 − e
−2αL
for 0 ≤ L ≤ W /2.
14.10 Using the expression given in Prob. 14.9 for the backscattered power P S (L)
from a rectangular pulse of width W, show that for very short pulse widths
the backscattered power is proportional to the pulse duration. Note: This is
the basis of operation of an OTDR.
References
1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO, USA. https://www.nis
t.gov
2. National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK. https://www.npl.co.uk
3. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany. https://www.ptb.de
4. ITU-T Rec. G.650.2, Definitions and test methods for statistical and nonlinear related attributes
of single-mode fibre and cable, Aug 2015
5. TIA-455-191 (FOTP- 191), IEC-60793-1-45 optical fibres-part 1–45: measurement methods
and test procedures-mode field diameter, 14 April 2020
6. ITU-T Rec. G.652, Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable, Nov 2016
7. K. Petermann, Constraints for fundamental mode spot size for broadband dispersioncompensated single-mode fibers. Electron. Lett. 19, 712–714 (1983)
8. R. Hui, M. O’Sullivan, Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques (Academic Press, 2009)
9. ITU-T Rec. G.650.1, Definitions and test methods for linear, deterministic attributes of singlemode fibre and cable, Mar 2018
10. ITU-T Rec. O.201, Q-factor test equipment to estimate the transmission performance of optical
channels, July 2003
11. E. Ciaramella, A. Peracchi, L. Banchi, R. Corsini, G. Prati, BER estimation for performance
monitoring in high-speed digital optical signals. J. Lightw. Technol. 30(13), 2117–2124 (2012)
12. The Fiber Optic Association (FOA), Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) (2013). www.
thefoa.org/tech/ref/testing/OTDR/OTDR.html
13. Z. Pan, C. Yu, A.E. Willner, Optical performance monitoring for the next generation optical
communication networks. Opt. Fiber Technol. 16, 20–45 (2010)
14. C.C.K. Chan, Optical Performance Monitoring: Advanced Techniques for Next-Generation
Photonic Networks (Academic Press, 2010)
15. ITU-T Rec. G.697, Optical monitoring for DWDM systems, Nov 2016
16. ITU-T Rec. O.172, Jitter and Wander measuring equipment for digital systems which are based
on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), Apr 2005; Amendment 2 July 2010
17. C.-L. Yang, S.-L. Lee, OSNR monitoring using double-pass filtering and dithered tunable
reflector. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16, 1570–1572 (2004)
18. L. Li, J. Li, J. Qiu, Y. Li, W. Li, J. Wu, J. Lin, Investigation of in-band OSNR monitoring
technique using power ratio. J. Lightw. Technol. 31(1), 118–124 (2013)
19. C. Wang, S. Fu, H. Wu, M. Luo, X. Li, M. Tang, D. Liu, Joint OSNR and CD monitoring in
digital coherent receiver using long short-term memory neural network. Opt. Express 27(5),
6936–6945 (2019)
20. B. Szafraniec, T.S. Marshall, B. Nebendahl, Performance monitoring and measurement
techniques for coherent optical systems. J. Lightw. Technol. 31(4), 648–663 (2013)
14 Basic Measurement and Monitoring Techniques
when L ≥ W/ 2, and
P S (L) = S
α S
α
P 0 e
−αW
1 − e
−2αL
for 0 ≤ L ≤ W /2.
14.10 Using the expression given in Prob. 14.9 for the backscattered power P S (L)
from a rectangular pulse of width W, show that for very short pulse widths
the backscattered power is proportional to the pulse duration. Note: This is
the basis of operation of an OTDR.
References
1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO, USA. https://www.nis
t.gov
2. National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK. https://www.npl.co.uk
3. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany. https://www.ptb.de
4. ITU-T Rec. G.650.2, Definitions and test methods for statistical and nonlinear related attributes
of single-mode fibre and cable, Aug 2015
5. TIA-455-191 (FOTP- 191), IEC-60793-1-45 optical fibres-part 1–45: measurement methods
and test procedures-mode field diameter, 14 April 2020
6. ITU-T Rec. G.652, Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable, Nov 2016
7. K. Petermann, Constraints for fundamental mode spot size for broadband dispersioncompensated single-mode fibers. Electron. Lett. 19, 712–714 (1983)
8. R. Hui, M. O’Sullivan, Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques (Academic Press, 2009)
9. ITU-T Rec. G.650.1, Definitions and test methods for linear, deterministic attributes of singlemode fibre and cable, Mar 2018
10. ITU-T Rec. O.201, Q-factor test equipment to estimate the transmission performance of optical
channels, July 2003
11. E. Ciaramella, A. Peracchi, L. Banchi, R. Corsini, G. Prati, BER estimation for performance
monitoring in high-speed digital optical signals. J. Lightw. Technol. 30(13), 2117–2124 (2012)
12. The Fiber Optic Association (FOA), Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) (2013). www.
thefoa.org/tech/ref/testing/OTDR/OTDR.html
13. Z. Pan, C. Yu, A.E. Willner, Optical performance monitoring for the next generation optical
communication networks. Opt. Fiber Technol. 16, 20–45 (2010)
14. C.C.K. Chan, Optical Performance Monitoring: Advanced Techniques for Next-Generation
Photonic Networks (Academic Press, 2010)
15. ITU-T Rec. G.697, Optical monitoring for DWDM systems, Nov 2016
16. ITU-T Rec. O.172, Jitter and Wander measuring equipment for digital systems which are based
on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), Apr 2005; Amendment 2 July 2010
17. C.-L. Yang, S.-L. Lee, OSNR monitoring using double-pass filtering and dithered tunable
reflector. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16, 1570–1572 (2004)
18. L. Li, J. Li, J. Qiu, Y. Li, W. Li, J. Wu, J. Lin, Investigation of in-band OSNR monitoring
technique using power ratio. J. Lightw. Technol. 31(1), 118–124 (2013)
19. C. Wang, S. Fu, H. Wu, M. Luo, X. Li, M. Tang, D. Liu, Joint OSNR and CD monitoring in
digital coherent receiver using long short-term memory neural network. Opt. Express 27(5),
6936–6945 (2019)
20. B. Szafraniec, T.S. Marshall, B. Nebendahl, Performance monitoring and measurement
techniques for coherent optical systems. J. Lightw. Technol. 31(4), 648–663 (2013)