80
J. Zhou and S. Chang
standards, which would unlock up to 80% energy savings for all new buildings in
the future. In 2017, 180 million m
2 of urban buildings in Beijing were not upgraded
for energy savings. It is estimated that 90 million m
2 of building will be renovated
by 2025, with an annual renovation of 10–15 million m
2 . By 2035, some 60 million
m
2 public buildings will continue to be upgraded, or 5–10 million m
2 per year. It
is scheduled that by 2035, the city will be completely heated by gas, heat pump
and waste heat, etc. The following measures could be taken to upgrade the heating
system:
(1) tap into the waste heat utilization of flue gas of natural gas boiler to improve
the heating capacity of existing system;
(2) pursue the synergy between heat and power of power plants. Gas-fired power
plants should operate under variable load in a day according to requirements of
load dispatching, and balance the change in power generation and stable heat
supply;
(3) combine green electricity consumption with full use of local waste heat
resources to enable efficient clean heating and replace and reduce natural gas
consumption in heating. Such resources as waste water heat from sewage
treatment plants and waste heat from garbage incineration are available in
Beijing;
(4) transmit recovered waste heat from large power plants or industry plants in
surrounding provinces to Beijing. When the transmission distance of a heat
network is less than 200 km, the cost of heat supply from outside is likely to
lower than that of the gas boiler. Several heat sources close to Beijing can be
considered, including several power plants in Sanhe, Panshan, Beijiang and
Zhangjiakou;
(5) transmit recovered waste heat under large temperature difference through heat
network; the technology is already matured;
(6) the existing independent gas boilers can be integrated into the large heat network
to adjust the peak of heat sources, such as the aforementioned thermal power
plants and those from outside of Beijing that utilize industrial waste heat.
3.2.4.2 Facilitate Energy Saving and Fuel Replacement in Transport
Sector
Beijing has taken a slew of measures to promote energy conservation and fuel replacement in the transportation sector. More efforts could be made to encourage and incentivize fossil-fueled car owners to convert their vehicles into electric ones to drive up
electrification of cars. It is estimated that in 2035, private new energy vehicles would
reach around 2.5 million, or 43% of the total vehicle stock.
In the meantime, energy conservation and CO 2 reduction measures in the aviation
sector need to be strengthened. The energy and CO 2 emission management of key
aviation enterprises should be further strengthened, and the research, development
and demonstration of aviation biofuels are encouraged.
J. Zhou and S. Chang
standards, which would unlock up to 80% energy savings for all new buildings in
the future. In 2017, 180 million m
2 of urban buildings in Beijing were not upgraded
for energy savings. It is estimated that 90 million m
2 of building will be renovated
by 2025, with an annual renovation of 10–15 million m
2 . By 2035, some 60 million
m
2 public buildings will continue to be upgraded, or 5–10 million m
2 per year. It
is scheduled that by 2035, the city will be completely heated by gas, heat pump
and waste heat, etc. The following measures could be taken to upgrade the heating
system:
(1) tap into the waste heat utilization of flue gas of natural gas boiler to improve
the heating capacity of existing system;
(2) pursue the synergy between heat and power of power plants. Gas-fired power
plants should operate under variable load in a day according to requirements of
load dispatching, and balance the change in power generation and stable heat
supply;
(3) combine green electricity consumption with full use of local waste heat
resources to enable efficient clean heating and replace and reduce natural gas
consumption in heating. Such resources as waste water heat from sewage
treatment plants and waste heat from garbage incineration are available in
Beijing;
(4) transmit recovered waste heat from large power plants or industry plants in
surrounding provinces to Beijing. When the transmission distance of a heat
network is less than 200 km, the cost of heat supply from outside is likely to
lower than that of the gas boiler. Several heat sources close to Beijing can be
considered, including several power plants in Sanhe, Panshan, Beijiang and
Zhangjiakou;
(5) transmit recovered waste heat under large temperature difference through heat
network; the technology is already matured;
(6) the existing independent gas boilers can be integrated into the large heat network
to adjust the peak of heat sources, such as the aforementioned thermal power
plants and those from outside of Beijing that utilize industrial waste heat.
3.2.4.2 Facilitate Energy Saving and Fuel Replacement in Transport
Sector
Beijing has taken a slew of measures to promote energy conservation and fuel replacement in the transportation sector. More efforts could be made to encourage and incentivize fossil-fueled car owners to convert their vehicles into electric ones to drive up
electrification of cars. It is estimated that in 2035, private new energy vehicles would
reach around 2.5 million, or 43% of the total vehicle stock.
In the meantime, energy conservation and CO 2 reduction measures in the aviation
sector need to be strengthened. The energy and CO 2 emission management of key
aviation enterprises should be further strengthened, and the research, development
and demonstration of aviation biofuels are encouraged.