6 The Impacts of Electric Vehicles …
205
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
2100
Material demand / mt
Lithium - gross
Nickel - gross
Cobalt - gross
Manganese - gross
Lithium - net
Nickel - net
Cobalt - net
Manganese - net
c
Fig. 6.5 (continued)
up over 80% of materials needed. Mainstreaming NCA technology will inevitably
push up demand for nickel. In such scenario, the global primary mining exploitation
to meet the net demand for lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese shall be 554%,
89%, 300% and 1% of that in 2018 respectively.
6.2.3 Sustainability Analysis of Metal Resources
Table 6.2 lists the accumulative gross demand, recycling and net demand for critical
metal resources across the world in all three scenarios till 2100. It should be clarified,
though, that the net demand is calculated based on the assumption that recycling in any
region only takes place within the region and the secondary resources thus acquired
are intended to meet the demand of the region only. In the three scenarios, the global
accumulative gross demand for lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese respectively
totalled 52.6 mt, 51.0 mt and 49.4 mt for lithium; 173.1 mt, 51.5 mt and 280.7 mt
for nickel, 40.0 mt, 11.9 mt and 54.6 mt for cobalt and 97.6 mt, 29.0 mt and 23.5 mt
for manganese. Recycling plays a central role in cutting and offsetting demand for
primary resources by 26.5 mt, 25.7 mt and 24.9 mt respectively for lithium, 98.1 mt,
29.4 mt and 158.8 mt for nickel, 22.7 mt, 6.8 mt and 30.9 mt for cobalt, and 55.3 mt,
16.6 mt and 13.4 mt for manganese. In the three scenarios, the net accumulative
demand for the four metals amounts to 26.1 mt, 25.3 mt and 24.5 mt respectively for
lithium, 75.1 mt, 22.1 mt and 121.9 mt for nickel, 17.3 mt, 5.1 mt and 23.7 mt for
cobalt and 42.3 mt, 12.5 mt and 10.0 mt for manganese.
205
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
2100
Material demand / mt
Lithium - gross
Nickel - gross
Cobalt - gross
Manganese - gross
Lithium - net
Nickel - net
Cobalt - net
Manganese - net
c
Fig. 6.5 (continued)
up over 80% of materials needed. Mainstreaming NCA technology will inevitably
push up demand for nickel. In such scenario, the global primary mining exploitation
to meet the net demand for lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese shall be 554%,
89%, 300% and 1% of that in 2018 respectively.
6.2.3 Sustainability Analysis of Metal Resources
Table 6.2 lists the accumulative gross demand, recycling and net demand for critical
metal resources across the world in all three scenarios till 2100. It should be clarified,
though, that the net demand is calculated based on the assumption that recycling in any
region only takes place within the region and the secondary resources thus acquired
are intended to meet the demand of the region only. In the three scenarios, the global
accumulative gross demand for lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese respectively
totalled 52.6 mt, 51.0 mt and 49.4 mt for lithium; 173.1 mt, 51.5 mt and 280.7 mt
for nickel, 40.0 mt, 11.9 mt and 54.6 mt for cobalt and 97.6 mt, 29.0 mt and 23.5 mt
for manganese. Recycling plays a central role in cutting and offsetting demand for
primary resources by 26.5 mt, 25.7 mt and 24.9 mt respectively for lithium, 98.1 mt,
29.4 mt and 158.8 mt for nickel, 22.7 mt, 6.8 mt and 30.9 mt for cobalt, and 55.3 mt,
16.6 mt and 13.4 mt for manganese. In the three scenarios, the net accumulative
demand for the four metals amounts to 26.1 mt, 25.3 mt and 24.5 mt respectively for
lithium, 75.1 mt, 22.1 mt and 121.9 mt for nickel, 17.3 mt, 5.1 mt and 23.7 mt for
cobalt and 42.3 mt, 12.5 mt and 10.0 mt for manganese.