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Z. Lu and G. Zhu
(4) Ability to respond. Active loads such as energy storage and electric vehicles
can change their energy consumption according to demand response. Active
load can cater to the change in electricity prices and shift the load from the
period with high tarrif to the one with low prices. In this way, load can be
balanced through proper tarrif scheme. Active load can also boost the uptake
of renewable energy via demand response and reduce the adverse impact of
renewable energy access. The ability of generalized load to respond improves
the safety and economy of power system operation, and may change the original
curve shape and characteristics of load.
(5) Strong uncertainty. The uncertainty of generalized load comprises the uncertainty of user demand, the uncertainty of distributed renewable energy output,
and the uncertainty of active load response. The combined influence of multiple
uncertain factors leads to great uncertainty of generalized load, bringing new
challenges to the planning and operation of power grid.
(6) Complex spatio-temporal characteristics. Due to the blend of diverse factors on
different scales of time and space, generalized loads show complex temporal
and spatial characteristics. To illustrate, generalized load at a certain point may
correlate with meteorological factors, electricity prices, and renewable energy
output at different previous time, meaning that it is correlated on multiple time
scales. The generalized load possesses complex spatio-temporal characteristics,
placing higher demands for its description, analysis and prediction methods.
Figure 4.21 illustrates the annual electricity consumption in China from 2000
to 2018. The dawn of this century witnessed rapid economic development, which
pushed up demand for electricity, and the use of power rose rapidly. As time went
by, China’s economy has shifted from high-speed to high-quality growth, bringing a
gradual slowdown of power demand, and subsequently steadier increase in electricity
use. It is projected that electricity consumption will continue to grow steadily in 2020.
Without widespread extreme weather, power consumption across the country will
be up 4–5% in 2020, with an overall balance of supply and demand. At the regional
level, northern and central China are expected to experience power shortage at certain
time slots; eastern and southern China are expected to see an overall balance; and a
surplus of power supply might be found in northeastern and northwestern regions.
In 2019, nationwide electricity consumption amounted to 7.23 trillion kWh, up
4.5% over the previous year. The country’s per capita consumption was 5161 kWh,
and the per capita residential use was 732 kWh. The growth of electricity consumption
in Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 was 5.5%, 4.5%, 3.4% and 4.7%, respectively. The main
characteristics of electricity consumption are:
First, electricity consumption in the primary industry showed steady increase. In
2019, the industry consumed 78 billion kWh of power, up 4.5% from the previous
year. The industry contributed 1.1% to the growth of power consumption in the whole
country.
Second, electricity consumption of the secondary industry maintained mediumlow growth. In 2019, the industry used 4.94 trillion kWh of power, an increase of
3.1% over the previous year. Quarterly growth was 3.0%, 3.1%, 2.7% and 3.5%,
Z. Lu and G. Zhu
(4) Ability to respond. Active loads such as energy storage and electric vehicles
can change their energy consumption according to demand response. Active
load can cater to the change in electricity prices and shift the load from the
period with high tarrif to the one with low prices. In this way, load can be
balanced through proper tarrif scheme. Active load can also boost the uptake
of renewable energy via demand response and reduce the adverse impact of
renewable energy access. The ability of generalized load to respond improves
the safety and economy of power system operation, and may change the original
curve shape and characteristics of load.
(5) Strong uncertainty. The uncertainty of generalized load comprises the uncertainty of user demand, the uncertainty of distributed renewable energy output,
and the uncertainty of active load response. The combined influence of multiple
uncertain factors leads to great uncertainty of generalized load, bringing new
challenges to the planning and operation of power grid.
(6) Complex spatio-temporal characteristics. Due to the blend of diverse factors on
different scales of time and space, generalized loads show complex temporal
and spatial characteristics. To illustrate, generalized load at a certain point may
correlate with meteorological factors, electricity prices, and renewable energy
output at different previous time, meaning that it is correlated on multiple time
scales. The generalized load possesses complex spatio-temporal characteristics,
placing higher demands for its description, analysis and prediction methods.
Figure 4.21 illustrates the annual electricity consumption in China from 2000
to 2018. The dawn of this century witnessed rapid economic development, which
pushed up demand for electricity, and the use of power rose rapidly. As time went
by, China’s economy has shifted from high-speed to high-quality growth, bringing a
gradual slowdown of power demand, and subsequently steadier increase in electricity
use. It is projected that electricity consumption will continue to grow steadily in 2020.
Without widespread extreme weather, power consumption across the country will
be up 4–5% in 2020, with an overall balance of supply and demand. At the regional
level, northern and central China are expected to experience power shortage at certain
time slots; eastern and southern China are expected to see an overall balance; and a
surplus of power supply might be found in northeastern and northwestern regions.
In 2019, nationwide electricity consumption amounted to 7.23 trillion kWh, up
4.5% over the previous year. The country’s per capita consumption was 5161 kWh,
and the per capita residential use was 732 kWh. The growth of electricity consumption
in Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 was 5.5%, 4.5%, 3.4% and 4.7%, respectively. The main
characteristics of electricity consumption are:
First, electricity consumption in the primary industry showed steady increase. In
2019, the industry consumed 78 billion kWh of power, up 4.5% from the previous
year. The industry contributed 1.1% to the growth of power consumption in the whole
country.
Second, electricity consumption of the secondary industry maintained mediumlow growth. In 2019, the industry used 4.94 trillion kWh of power, an increase of
3.1% over the previous year. Quarterly growth was 3.0%, 3.1%, 2.7% and 3.5%,