16 Luminescent Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
599
Kwok CC, Wong MS (2001) Synthesis and light-emitting properties of difunctional dendritic
dstyrylstilbenes. Macromolecules 34:6821–6830
(a) Lamansky S, Djurovich P, Murphy D, Abdel-Razzaq F, Kwong R, Tsyba I, Bortz M, Mui
B, Bau R, Thompson ME (2001) Synthesis and characterization of phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium complexes. Inorg Chem 40:1704–1711; (b) Lamansky S, Djurovich P, Murphy D,
Abdel-Razzaq F, Lee HE, Adachi A, Burrows PE, Forrest SR, Thompson ME (2001) Highly phosphorescent bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes: synthesis, photophysical characterization, and
use in organic light emitting diodes. J Am Chem Soc 123:4304–4312; (c) Tamayo AB, Alleyne
BD, Djurovich PI, Lamansky S, Tsyba I, Ho NN, Bau R, Thompson ME (2003) Synthesis and
Characterization of Facial and Meridional Tris-cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. J Am
Chem Soc 125:7377–7387; (d) Brooks J, Babayan Y, Lamansky S, Djurovich PI, Tsyba I, Bau R,
Thompson ME (2002) Synthesis and characterization of phosphorescent cyclometalated platinum
complexes 41:3055–3066
Lee MT, Yen CK, Yang WP, Chen HH, Liao CH, Tsai CH, Chen CH (2004) Efficient green coumarin
dopants for organic light-emitting devices. Org Lett 6:1241–1244
Lee SJ, Park KM, Yang K, Kang Y (2009) Blue phosphorescent Ir(III) complex with high color
purity: fac-tris(2 ,6 -difluoro-2,3 -bipyridinato-N, C 4 )iridium(III). Inorg Chem 48:1030–1037
Lee S, Kim SO, Shin H, Yun HJ, Yang K, Kwon SK, Kim JJ, Kim YH (2013) Deep-blue
phosphorescence from perfluoro carbonyl-substituted iridium complexes. J Am Chem Soc
135:14321–14328
Leopold H, Heinemeyer U, Wagenblast G, Menster I, Strassner T (2017) Changing the emission
properties of phosphorescent CˆC*-cyclometalated thiazol-2-ylidene platinum(II) complexes by
variation of the b-diketonate ligands 23:1118−1128
Liu H, Zeng J, Guo J, Nie H, Zhao Z, Tang BZ (2018) High-performance non-doped OLEDs with
nearly 100% exciton use and negligible efficiency roll-off. Angew Chem Int Ed 57:9290–9294
Losurdo M, Giangregorio MM, Capezzuto P, Cardone A, Martinelli C, Farinola GM, Babudri F,
Naso F, Büchel M, Bruno G (2009) Blue-gap poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s with fluorinated double
bonds: interplay between supramolecular organization and optical properties in thin films. Adv
Mater 21:1115–1120
Lu W, Mi BX, Chan MCW, Hui Z, Che CM, Zhu N, Lee ST (2004) Light-emitting tridentate
cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes containing σ-alkynyl auxiliaries: tuning of photo- and
electrophosphorescence. J Am Chem Soc 126:4958–4971
Mikami A, Koshiyama T, Tsubokawa T (2005) High-efficiency color and white organic lightemitting devices prepared on flexible plastic substrates. Jpn J Appl Phys 44:608–612
Mi BX, Gao ZQ, Lee CS, Lee ST, Kwong HL, Wong NB (1999) Reduction of molecular aggregation and its application to the high-performance blue perylene-doped organic electroluminescent
device. Appl Phys Lett 75:4055–4057
Ohmori Y, Uchida M, Muro K, Yoshino K (1991) Blue electroluminescent diodes utilizing
poly(alkylfluorene). Jpn J Appl Phys 30:L1941–L1943
Okamura N, Nakamura T, Yagi S, Maeda T, Nakazumi H, Fujiwara H, Koseki S (2016) Novel BisAnd Tris-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) complexes bearing a benzoyl group on each fluorinated
2-phenylpyridinate ligand aimed at development of blue phosphorescent materials for OLED.
RSC Adv 6:51435–51445
Osken I, Gundogan AS, Tekin E, Eroglu MS, Ozturk T (2013) Fluorene−dithienothiophene-S,
S-dioxide copolymers fine-tuning for OLED applications. Macromolecules 46:9202–9210
Pei J, Yu WL, Huang W, Heeger AJ (2000) The synthesis and characterization of
an efficient green electroluminescent conjugated polymer: poly[2,7-bis(4-hexylthienyl)-9,9dihexylfluorene]. Chem Commun 1631–1632
Qin W, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Lam JWY, Liang G, Kwok HS, Tang BZ (2015) Construction of efficient
deep blue aggregation-induced emission luminogen from triphenylethene for nondoped organic
light-emitting diodes. Chem Mater 27:3892–3901
(a) Reineke S, Walzer K, Leo K (2007) Triplet-exciton quenching in organic phosphorescent lightemitting diodes with Ir-based emitters. Phys Rev B 75:125328 (13 pp); (b) Reineke S, Schwartz
599
Kwok CC, Wong MS (2001) Synthesis and light-emitting properties of difunctional dendritic
dstyrylstilbenes. Macromolecules 34:6821–6830
(a) Lamansky S, Djurovich P, Murphy D, Abdel-Razzaq F, Kwong R, Tsyba I, Bortz M, Mui
B, Bau R, Thompson ME (2001) Synthesis and characterization of phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium complexes. Inorg Chem 40:1704–1711; (b) Lamansky S, Djurovich P, Murphy D,
Abdel-Razzaq F, Lee HE, Adachi A, Burrows PE, Forrest SR, Thompson ME (2001) Highly phosphorescent bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes: synthesis, photophysical characterization, and
use in organic light emitting diodes. J Am Chem Soc 123:4304–4312; (c) Tamayo AB, Alleyne
BD, Djurovich PI, Lamansky S, Tsyba I, Ho NN, Bau R, Thompson ME (2003) Synthesis and
Characterization of Facial and Meridional Tris-cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. J Am
Chem Soc 125:7377–7387; (d) Brooks J, Babayan Y, Lamansky S, Djurovich PI, Tsyba I, Bau R,
Thompson ME (2002) Synthesis and characterization of phosphorescent cyclometalated platinum
complexes 41:3055–3066
Lee MT, Yen CK, Yang WP, Chen HH, Liao CH, Tsai CH, Chen CH (2004) Efficient green coumarin
dopants for organic light-emitting devices. Org Lett 6:1241–1244
Lee SJ, Park KM, Yang K, Kang Y (2009) Blue phosphorescent Ir(III) complex with high color
purity: fac-tris(2 ,6 -difluoro-2,3 -bipyridinato-N, C 4 )iridium(III). Inorg Chem 48:1030–1037
Lee S, Kim SO, Shin H, Yun HJ, Yang K, Kwon SK, Kim JJ, Kim YH (2013) Deep-blue
phosphorescence from perfluoro carbonyl-substituted iridium complexes. J Am Chem Soc
135:14321–14328
Leopold H, Heinemeyer U, Wagenblast G, Menster I, Strassner T (2017) Changing the emission
properties of phosphorescent CˆC*-cyclometalated thiazol-2-ylidene platinum(II) complexes by
variation of the b-diketonate ligands 23:1118−1128
Liu H, Zeng J, Guo J, Nie H, Zhao Z, Tang BZ (2018) High-performance non-doped OLEDs with
nearly 100% exciton use and negligible efficiency roll-off. Angew Chem Int Ed 57:9290–9294
Losurdo M, Giangregorio MM, Capezzuto P, Cardone A, Martinelli C, Farinola GM, Babudri F,
Naso F, Büchel M, Bruno G (2009) Blue-gap poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s with fluorinated double
bonds: interplay between supramolecular organization and optical properties in thin films. Adv
Mater 21:1115–1120
Lu W, Mi BX, Chan MCW, Hui Z, Che CM, Zhu N, Lee ST (2004) Light-emitting tridentate
cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes containing σ-alkynyl auxiliaries: tuning of photo- and
electrophosphorescence. J Am Chem Soc 126:4958–4971
Mikami A, Koshiyama T, Tsubokawa T (2005) High-efficiency color and white organic lightemitting devices prepared on flexible plastic substrates. Jpn J Appl Phys 44:608–612
Mi BX, Gao ZQ, Lee CS, Lee ST, Kwong HL, Wong NB (1999) Reduction of molecular aggregation and its application to the high-performance blue perylene-doped organic electroluminescent
device. Appl Phys Lett 75:4055–4057
Ohmori Y, Uchida M, Muro K, Yoshino K (1991) Blue electroluminescent diodes utilizing
poly(alkylfluorene). Jpn J Appl Phys 30:L1941–L1943
Okamura N, Nakamura T, Yagi S, Maeda T, Nakazumi H, Fujiwara H, Koseki S (2016) Novel BisAnd Tris-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) complexes bearing a benzoyl group on each fluorinated
2-phenylpyridinate ligand aimed at development of blue phosphorescent materials for OLED.
RSC Adv 6:51435–51445
Osken I, Gundogan AS, Tekin E, Eroglu MS, Ozturk T (2013) Fluorene−dithienothiophene-S,
S-dioxide copolymers fine-tuning for OLED applications. Macromolecules 46:9202–9210
Pei J, Yu WL, Huang W, Heeger AJ (2000) The synthesis and characterization of
an efficient green electroluminescent conjugated polymer: poly[2,7-bis(4-hexylthienyl)-9,9dihexylfluorene]. Chem Commun 1631–1632
Qin W, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Lam JWY, Liang G, Kwok HS, Tang BZ (2015) Construction of efficient
deep blue aggregation-induced emission luminogen from triphenylethene for nondoped organic
light-emitting diodes. Chem Mater 27:3892–3901
(a) Reineke S, Walzer K, Leo K (2007) Triplet-exciton quenching in organic phosphorescent lightemitting diodes with Ir-based emitters. Phys Rev B 75:125328 (13 pp); (b) Reineke S, Schwartz