438
Y. Kubo
12.8 Summary
This chapter focused on WLE materials based on the supramolecular organization of
bi-fluorophors or tri-fluorophors. On another front, polymer is an attractive framework to develop organic WLE materials; versatile strategies, such as small moleculedoped polymer, polymer blend, polymer-doped small molecule, molecule-dispersed
polymer, dye-terminated polymer, and excimer white electroluminescence polymer
have been proposed (Tang et al. 2013). Their main applications involve full color
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and backlights for flat-panel and solid-state lighting.
A common strategy involves polymers blended with luminescent dyes that emit
simultaneously over the whole visible range through a partial energy transfer from
energy donor polymers to acceptor dyes (Wu et al. 2007). As a drawback, the emission behavior is sometimes affected by intramolecular interactions, intermolecular
interactions, and aggregation (Reiter 2014). From a synthetic point of view, it is not
so easy to prepare the desired white-emitting polymers with different fluorophores
in a precise mixing ratio. Therefore, supramolecular organization is a promising
way because of its facile processability and precise tuning. Furthermore, noncovalent interactions can strengthen the relationship between the components for energy
transfer. However, it should be pointed out that supramolecular systems would be
in some cases unstable due to competitive interactions under employed conditions.
Besides, in terms of practical use, such supramolecules are highly desired for WLE
in an aqueous solution and in solid-state. With such a subject in mind, more effort
should be carried out.
References
Abbel R, Grenier C, Pouderoijen MJ, Stouwdam JW, re PELGL, Sijbesma RP, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ (2009) White-light emitting hydrogen-bonded supramolecular copolymers based on
π-conjugated oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 131:833–843
Amaral AJR, Pasparakis G (2017) Stimuli responsive self-healing polymers: gels, elastomers and
membranes. Polym Chem 8(42):6464–6484. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7PY01386H
Babu SS, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A (2014) Functional π-gelators and their applications. Chem
Rev 114(4):1973–2129. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400195e
Bairi P, Roy B, Chakraborty P, Nandi AK (2013) Co-assembled white-light-emitting hydrogel of
melamine. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5(12):5478–5485. https://doi.org/10.1021/am4013566
Bales BL, Messina L, Vidal A, Peric M, Nascimento OR (1998) Precision relative aggregation
number determinations of SDS micelles using a spin probe. a model of micelle surface hydration.
J Phys Chem B 102 (50):10347–10358. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp983364a
Barrow SJ, Kasera S, Rowland MJ, del Barrio J, Scherman OA (2015) Cucurbituril-based molecular
recognition. Chem Rev 115(22):12320–12406. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00341
Belowich ME, Stoddart JF (2012) Dynamic imine chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 41(6):2003–2024.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS15305J
Bentz KC, Cohen SM (2018) Supramolecular metallopolymers: from linear materials to infinite
networks. Angew Chem Int Ed 57(46):14992–15001. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201806912
Y. Kubo
12.8 Summary
This chapter focused on WLE materials based on the supramolecular organization of
bi-fluorophors or tri-fluorophors. On another front, polymer is an attractive framework to develop organic WLE materials; versatile strategies, such as small moleculedoped polymer, polymer blend, polymer-doped small molecule, molecule-dispersed
polymer, dye-terminated polymer, and excimer white electroluminescence polymer
have been proposed (Tang et al. 2013). Their main applications involve full color
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and backlights for flat-panel and solid-state lighting.
A common strategy involves polymers blended with luminescent dyes that emit
simultaneously over the whole visible range through a partial energy transfer from
energy donor polymers to acceptor dyes (Wu et al. 2007). As a drawback, the emission behavior is sometimes affected by intramolecular interactions, intermolecular
interactions, and aggregation (Reiter 2014). From a synthetic point of view, it is not
so easy to prepare the desired white-emitting polymers with different fluorophores
in a precise mixing ratio. Therefore, supramolecular organization is a promising
way because of its facile processability and precise tuning. Furthermore, noncovalent interactions can strengthen the relationship between the components for energy
transfer. However, it should be pointed out that supramolecular systems would be
in some cases unstable due to competitive interactions under employed conditions.
Besides, in terms of practical use, such supramolecules are highly desired for WLE
in an aqueous solution and in solid-state. With such a subject in mind, more effort
should be carried out.
References
Abbel R, Grenier C, Pouderoijen MJ, Stouwdam JW, re PELGL, Sijbesma RP, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ (2009) White-light emitting hydrogen-bonded supramolecular copolymers based on
π-conjugated oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 131:833–843
Amaral AJR, Pasparakis G (2017) Stimuli responsive self-healing polymers: gels, elastomers and
membranes. Polym Chem 8(42):6464–6484. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7PY01386H
Babu SS, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A (2014) Functional π-gelators and their applications. Chem
Rev 114(4):1973–2129. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400195e
Bairi P, Roy B, Chakraborty P, Nandi AK (2013) Co-assembled white-light-emitting hydrogel of
melamine. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5(12):5478–5485. https://doi.org/10.1021/am4013566
Bales BL, Messina L, Vidal A, Peric M, Nascimento OR (1998) Precision relative aggregation
number determinations of SDS micelles using a spin probe. a model of micelle surface hydration.
J Phys Chem B 102 (50):10347–10358. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp983364a
Barrow SJ, Kasera S, Rowland MJ, del Barrio J, Scherman OA (2015) Cucurbituril-based molecular
recognition. Chem Rev 115(22):12320–12406. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00341
Belowich ME, Stoddart JF (2012) Dynamic imine chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 41(6):2003–2024.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS15305J
Bentz KC, Cohen SM (2018) Supramolecular metallopolymers: from linear materials to infinite
networks. Angew Chem Int Ed 57(46):14992–15001. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201806912