Liquid–liquid interfaces, 231
Liquids
surface energy of, 218–219
surface tension values, 222
Lithium niobate, 296
Lithographic etching, 229
Lithography
constructive, 418
destructive, 417
electron beam, 414–416, 414f
“fountain-pen” methods, 419
nanolithography, 413
nanosphere, 416–417
optical, 414–416, 414f
soft, 416, 416f
using AFM, 417–420
London dispersion forces, 135
London force, 148–149
Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level,
167, 171, 173, 185, 186f
M
Mach–Zehnder electro-optic modulator, 430–431,
430f
Marcus theory, of charge transfer, 339–340, 340f
Matter, light and, 183–188
Matter waves, 98–99
Maximum voltage (open-circuit voltage, V OC ), 344–345
Maxwell’s equations, 266, 287
Measurements
atomic radius, 150
density from force acting on plate, 257
surface tension, 219, 246–247, 255–259
thin-film fluorescence, 196–197
Mechanical tunneling, quantum, 128–130
defined, 128
finite energy barriers, implications of, 128–129
harmonic oscillator, implications for, 129–130
Mechanical work, 29–35
first law of thermodynamics in terms of, 36–37
irreversible expansive, 30–31, 32–33
path function, 35
reversible expansive, 30–33
state functions, 35
stretching of DNA strand, 34–35
two-dimensional monolayer, compression, 33–34
Mechanics, quantum, 97–104
bound systems and quantization, 99–101
electromagnetic radiation, 97–98
matter waves and uncertainty principle, 98–99
Schrödinger equation, 102–104
wavefunction, 101–102
Mechanism, reaction, 78–79
Melting temperatures, nanomaterials, 22–29
examples, 26–27, 29
from Gibbs energy, 59–60
gold nanoparticles, 22–24, 23f, 24f
N/n ratios
indium nanowires, 28, 28f
Pb nanoparticles, 27–28, 27f
476 Index
Liquids
surface energy of, 218–219
surface tension values, 222
Lithium niobate, 296
Lithographic etching, 229
Lithography
constructive, 418
destructive, 417
electron beam, 414–416, 414f
“fountain-pen” methods, 419
nanolithography, 413
nanosphere, 416–417
optical, 414–416, 414f
soft, 416, 416f
using AFM, 417–420
London dispersion forces, 135
London force, 148–149
Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level,
167, 171, 173, 185, 186f
M
Mach–Zehnder electro-optic modulator, 430–431,
430f
Marcus theory, of charge transfer, 339–340, 340f
Matter, light and, 183–188
Matter waves, 98–99
Maximum voltage (open-circuit voltage, V OC ), 344–345
Maxwell’s equations, 266, 287
Measurements
atomic radius, 150
density from force acting on plate, 257
surface tension, 219, 246–247, 255–259
thin-film fluorescence, 196–197
Mechanical tunneling, quantum, 128–130
defined, 128
finite energy barriers, implications of, 128–129
harmonic oscillator, implications for, 129–130
Mechanical work, 29–35
first law of thermodynamics in terms of, 36–37
irreversible expansive, 30–31, 32–33
path function, 35
reversible expansive, 30–33
state functions, 35
stretching of DNA strand, 34–35
two-dimensional monolayer, compression, 33–34
Mechanics, quantum, 97–104
bound systems and quantization, 99–101
electromagnetic radiation, 97–98
matter waves and uncertainty principle, 98–99
Schrödinger equation, 102–104
wavefunction, 101–102
Mechanism, reaction, 78–79
Melting temperatures, nanomaterials, 22–29
examples, 26–27, 29
from Gibbs energy, 59–60
gold nanoparticles, 22–24, 23f, 24f
N/n ratios
indium nanowires, 28, 28f
Pb nanoparticles, 27–28, 27f
476 Index